Behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire and sport motivation scale-II: a scale comparison

Introduction: This study compared the psychometric properties of two primary instruments for assessing sport motivation based on Self-Determination Theory: the Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) and the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis evaluated the scales’ internal consistency, factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and model fit, which required post-hoc modifications. Measurement invariance and adherence to the theoretical simplex pattern were also tested. Results: The BRSQ demonstrated generally acceptable reliability, while the SMS-II showed deficiencies in its introjected, external, and amotivation subscales. Both scales faced validity challenges in distinguishing adjacent motivational constructs. Although measurement invariance was supported, correlations deviated from the theoretical quasi-simplex pattern. Discussion: The BRSQ appears more robust, but neither scale is flawless. Researchers must select instruments aligned with their specific objectives and interpret scores cautiously due to these psychometric limitations. This underscores the need for refined tools to better capture the dynamic complexity of motivation in sports.

Keywords

motivation self-determination theory sport motivation scale-II behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire self-determinant theory

URI

http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/14078

Citation

Bica J, Jacinto M, Matos R, Amaro N, Antunes R, Couto N, Cid L, Forte P and Monteiro D (2025) Behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire and sport motivation scale-II: a scale comparison. Front. Psychol. 16:1652580. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1652580