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- Fear of Falling and Eye–Segmental Coordination in Portuguese Elderly Participants Enrolled in a Community Physical Exercise ProgrammePublication . Inácio Coelho, Luís Pedro; Dias, Diogo; Canhoto, Ricardo; Cruz, João; Monteiro, Diogo; Jacinto, Miguel; Antunes, RaulThe performance of 94 elderly subjects (73 women) (71.72 ± 5.64) in an eye–hand and eye–foot coordination test (TST) was correlated with fear of falling, based on the results obtained on the International Fall Efficacy Scale (FES-I), translated into Portuguese. The results revealed that, for the whole sample, there was a weak inverse association between the two (ρ = −0.54, p < 0.05). However, when analyzing the results by gender, this inverse association only remained significant for females (ρ = −0.305, p < 0.01), with no statistical significance for males. Thus, higher levels of fear of falling in the elderly female population were associated with lower levels of eye–segmental coordination. Additionally, men achieved significantly better results in TST than women (9.38 ± 4.70 vs. 4.67 ± 3.13, p < 0.001). Regarding fear of falling, women had significantly higher scores (23.51 ± 7.17 vs. 21.38 ± 7.59, p < 0.05). At the same time, elderly men had higher values of eye–segmental coordination, which may have reduced their fear of falling. Results highlight the importance of the maintenance of a healthy and active lifestyle through the lifespan and place TST as a potential proxy for detecting fear of falling in elderly populations, especially in women. Future studies would benefit from employing balanced, representative samples to validate and extend these results, particularly regarding possible sex-related patterns, as the study relied on a convenience sample that was markedly unbalanced in terms of sex.
- Beyond the duality: passion profiles on intention, and satisfaction with life in recreational surfersPublication . Sá, J. M.; Silva, A. J.; Monteiro, Diogo; Garrido, N.; Rodrigues, FilipeSurfing is a demanding physical activity that frequently elicits a strong emotional bond in its practitioners. To address the gap in understanding these bonds from a person-centered approach, the present study pursued three primary objectives: (a) to define and identify passion profiles within a sample of recreational surfers; (b) to compare differences among these profiles concerning intention to continue practicing; and (c) to compare differences among profiles with respect to life satisfaction. The study included 132 surfers (Mage = 38.81 ± 12.19 years; 78.8% male). Through a cluster analysis based on the dualistic model of passion, three distinct profiles were identified: moderate passion (20.5%), Optimized Passion (37.1%), and Mixed Passion (42.4%). Comparative analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis test revealed that Mixed and Optimized Passion profiles reported significantly higher levels of intention to continue the practice (H = 32.38; p < 0.001) and life satisfaction (H = 10.64; p = 0.005) as compared to the Moderate Passion profile. No statistically significant differences were observed between the Mixed and Optimized groups. It is concluded that the predominant motivational configuration designated as Mixed is functional and adaptive in the surfing context, suggesting that the coexistence of harmonious and obsessive passion favors persistence and psychological well-being.
- Tethered Swimming Can Be Used to Evaluate Force Contribution for Short-Distance Swimming PerformancePublication . Morouço, Pedro G.; Marinho, Daniel A.; Keskinen, Kari L.; Badillo, Juan J.; Marques, Mário C.Morouço, PG, Marinho, DA, Keskinen, KL, Badillo, JJ, and Marques, MC. Tethered swimming can be used to evaluate force contribution for short-distance swimming performance. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3093-3099, 2014-The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to compare stroke and the physiological responses between maximal tethered and free front crawl swimming and (b) to evaluate the contribution of force exertion for swimming performance over short distances. A total of 34 male swimmers, representing various levels of competitive performance, participated in this study. Each participant was tested in both a 30-second maximal tethered swimming test and a 50-m free swimming test. The tethered force parameters, the swimming speed, stroke (stroke rate [SR]), and the physiological responses (increase in blood lactate concentration [ΔBLa], heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion) were recorded and calculated. The results showed no differences in stroke and the physiological responses between tethered and free swimming, with a high level of agreement for the SR and DBLa. A strong correlation was obtained between the maximum impulse of force per stroke and the speed (r = 0.91; p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the maximum impulse and SR in the tethered condition explained 84% of the free swimming performance. The relationship between the swimming speed and maximum force tended to be nonlinear, whereas linear relationships were observed with the maximum impulse. This study demonstrates that tethered swimming does not significantly alter stroke and the physiological responses compared with free swimming, and that the maximum impulse per stroke should be used to evaluate the balance between force and the ability to effectively apply force during sprint swimming. Consequently, coaches can rely on tethered forces to identify strength deficits and improve swimming performance over short distances.
- Sex Differences in Age-Related Functional Mobility Decline: A Moderated Mediation AnalysisPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Bastos, Vasco; Teixeira, Diogo Santos; Monteiro, DiogoWhile functional mobility is known to deteriorate with age, the specific mechanisms driving this decline, along with potential differences between men and women, are not fully established. Therefore, the present study applied a moderated mediation framework to investigate whether lower limb strength and body mass index (BMI) mediate the relationship between aging and functional mobility, and to explore if sex acts as a moderator in these relationships. A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate 408 independent older adults (mean age: 71.9 ± 3.9 years; 273 females and 135 males). Assessments included the Timed Up and Go (TUG) for functional mobility, the 30 s Chair Stand for leg strength, alongside BMI calculations. Direct and indirect pathways were subsequently evaluated using a moderated mediation analysis. Lower limb strength and BMI significantly predicted functional mobility in both sexes (p < 0.05), with no significant moderation in the indirect pathways. Regarding conditional effects, advancing age predicted poorer functional mobility in females (p = 0.008) but not in males (p = 0.141), independent of the mediators. Strength and BMI appear to be correlates of functional mobility. However, since the age-by-sex interaction term was not statistically significant, the potential sex-specific direct effect of age must be interpreted with caution. While these findings hint at possible subtle differences in aging trajectories, future research is needed to confirm whether interventions for older women require addressing factors beyond strength and body composition.
- Application of hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sports: A systematic reviewPublication . Viveiros, Bernardo; Jacinto, Miguel; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Monteiro, DiogoGiven the increase in sedentary lifestyles and physical inactivity, various psychosocial approaches have been used to combat this epidemic. Several studies have used Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a theoretical framework for studying behavioral change, as well as the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM) which, based on SDT, aims to explain how different levels of generality can be responsible for behavioral consequences. The aim was to investigate the associations between the variables that make up the HMIEM model applied to the context of physical exercise (gym exercisers). Following the PRISMA protocol and the PECOS strategy, the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were used to search for experimental and non-experimental studies written in English. Seven studies were considered for analysis and subjected to a methodological quality assessment The results showed that the variables that make up the social factors (e.g., supportive/thwarting behaviors) tend to be associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs (BPN) (r = 0.51, p < 0.01; r = −0.73, p < 0.01) and with frustration of BPN (r = −0.39, p < 0.01; r = 0.78, p < 0. 01), BPN satisfaction and frustration tend to be associated with autonomous forms of motivation (r = 0.57, p < 0.01; r = −0.63, p < 0.01) and controlled forms of motivation (r = −0.76, p < 0.01; r = 0.46, p < 0.01) and autonomous and controlled forms of motivation are associated with behavioral consequences (e.g., intention) (r = 0.19, p < 0.01; r = −0.17, p < 0.01). This systematic review covers interpersonal behaviors and the bright and dark sides of SDT, showing that the positive alignment between the psychosocial determinants that make up the horizontal axis of the HMIEM is fundamental for adherence to and maintenance of sustainable physical exercise practices, and future studies should now address these issues in a longitudinal manner and perhaps move on to study the vertical axis of the HMIEM.
- Natural establishment of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in burnt stands in PortugalPublication . Águas, Ana; Ferreira, António; Maia, Paula; Fernandes, Paulo M.; Roxo, Luís; Keizer, Jan; Silva, Joaquim S.; Rego, Francisco C.; Moreira, FranciscoExotic tree species are increasingly common in many regions of the world and at least some species are becoming naturalized in the regions where they were introduced. Disturbances like fire may be at the origin or accelerate the naturalization of these species. Portugal holds one of the largest areas of exotic Eucalyptus globulus plantations in the world and is one of the countries most affected by forest fires. These two facts have triggered the present research. This study aimed at characterising medium-term natural establishment of E. globulus plants originated from seeds under natural conditions in burnt planted forests (pure E. globulus stands, pure Pinus pinaster stands, and mixed stands of both species), and at analysing factors associated with this establishment. Occurrence, abundance and height of naturally established E. globulus plants were characterized in 284 sites distributed in burnt areas, across Central and Northern Portugal, 5–7 years after wildfire. Generalized linear models were used to assess the influence of stand type, regional productivity potential, and post-fire management practices on occurrence probability, density, and median height of sampled E. globulus individuals. The influence of these explanatory variables on the structure (in terms of size class distribution) of naturally established E. globulus cohort was examined using analysis of similarity and non-metric multidimensional scaling. Naturally established E. globulus plants were present in 93.1%, 19.0% and 98.6% of samples in pure E. globulus, pure P. pinaster and mixed stands, respectively. Cohort median density was 0.20 plants m−2 and maximum density was 4.55 plants m−2. Median height of plants was 2.0 m and 95.3% of them had h >1.30 m and DBH ⩽5 cm. Establishment probability, density and median height were highest in the most productive regions. Three post-fire management operations had a significant influence on the response variables: (i) salvage logging was associated with a higher density; (ii) tillage was associated with a lower density and a smaller median height; (iii) understorey removal was associated with a lower occurrence probability. Tillage was the only studied factor influencing the size structure of spontaneously established cohort, eliminating larger plants. This study showed that stand type, productivity region and post-fire management operations might have significantly influenced the natural establishment of E. globulus in burnt areas, and consequently the species naturalization process in Portugal. The implications of these findings for management are discussed.
- Changes in lifestyle and physical fitness in the first year of higher education: A longitudinal study with sports studentsPublication . Jacinto, Miguel; Antunes, Raul; Aguiar Santos, Diana; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Diz, Susana; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, NunoThis study aimed to monitor variations in physical activity and fitness levels throughout the first academic year in undergraduate Sports Science students. A prospective longitudinal design included 63 students (46 men, 17 women; 19.7 ± 1.4 years), assessed at four moments (September, January, February, and June). Sociodemographic data were collected, and instruments included IPAQ, anthropometry, body composition, strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness tests. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was applied. Screen time increased significantly over the year. Physical activity levels showed a non-significant decline. Body composition indicators such as fat mass, BMI, and visceral fat increased, while lean and bone mass remained stable. Cardiorespiratory fitness and lower limb flexibility decreased significantly. These findings suggest worsening fitness and increased adiposity over the duration of the first academic year, highlighting the importance of monitoring such indicators to prevent negative health outcomes.
- Literatura acessível e Comunicação Aumentativa e Alternativa: avaliação de um livro multiformato por especialistasPublication . Pelosi, Miryam; Sousa, Célia MariaIntrodução: Crianças com necessidades complexas de comunicação (NCC) frequentemente encontram barreiras para participar de atividades de leitura compartilhada. Livros acessíveis com recursos de Comunicação Aumentativa e Alternativa (CAA) podem favorecer seu engajamento e o desenvolvimento da linguagem. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de profissionais especialistas em CAA sobre um protótipo de livro multiformato desenvolvido para crianças com NCC. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, exploratório e quali-quanti, com participação de 57 especialistas em fonoaudiologia, terapia ocupacional e educação. Os participantes responderam a um formulário eletrônico contendo questões avaliadas por meio de escala Likert unipolar de 5 pontos e perguntas abertas. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por estatísticas descritivas, teste t de Student e correlação de Pearson. A análise qualitativa foi realizada com categorização temática dos comentários. Resultados: O material foi amplamente aceito, com médias entre 4,71 e 4,92 nos itens avaliados, especialmente em clareza narrativa, funcionalidade das pranchas e correspondência símbolo-texto. A análise qualitativa identificou como temas centrais a clareza textual, o engajamento e a participação da criança. Aproximadamente metade dos especialistas sugeriu ajustes visuais e ampliação da diversidade nos personagens. A convergência entre achados quantitativos e qualitativos reforça o potencial do livro como recurso funcional e inclusivo, destacando o papel da terapia ocupacional e do conhecimento em tecnologia assistiva para a elaboração de narrativas acessíveis e contextualizadas ao cotidiano infantil. Conclusão: O livro multiformato apresenta-se como recurso inovador e acessível, favorecendo participação, inclusão e ampliação da linguagem para crianças com NCC, e destaca-se pela articulação entre teoria e prática em CAA.
- The Role of Body Image Discrepancy in Exercise and Eating Motivation: A Self-Determination Theory PerspectivePublication . Salvador, Rogério; Cordeiro, Filipa; Castuera, Ruth Jimenéz; Rebelo-Gonçalves, Ricardo; Monteiro, DiogoBackground/Objectives: While body dissatisfaction is frequently studied as an outcome of physical activity, less is known about how pre-existing body image perceptions shape the quality of behavioral regulation. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to investigate the associations of different perceived body image discrepancy profiles with autonomous and controlled motivation for both exercise and eating, and to explore the interaction effects between these profiles and sex. Methods: The sample comprised 939 regular gym exercisers (32.99 ± 11.90 years; 55.1% female). Using the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale, participants were categorized into four discrepancy profiles: desire to increase, satisfied, mild desire to reduce, and moderate/severe desire to reduce. Data were analyzed using Two-Way ANOVAs. Results: The Satisfied group reported the highest autonomous and lowest controlled motivation across both domains (main effects: p < 0.001, η2p = 0.019–0.046). A significant body image × sex interaction emerged for controlled eating motivation (F(3, 931) = 6.22, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.020). Females exhibited a “U-shaped” curve, demonstrating low controlled eating motivation when satisfied (M = 1.65) but elevated levels at extremes (desire to increase: M = 2.50; moderate/severe desire to reduce: M = 2.39). Males maintained stable controlled eating motivation across all discrepancy profiles (M = 2.06–2.30). Although these main and interaction effects were statistically significant, all observed multivariate effect sizes were small (η2p = 0.012–0.046). Conclusions: Perceived body image discrepancy acts as a significant antecedent of motivational quality. The absence of a perceptual gap is linked to highly adaptive, autonomous behavioral regulation. Furthermore, the distinct sex-based patterns in controlled eating motivation underscore the necessity for health and exercise professionals to adopt tailored, sex-specific strategies when addressing body image concerns.
- Determinantes de la eficacia del patrocinio en las carreras de atletismoPublication . Silva, Alfredo; Sobreiro, Pedro; Monteiro, DiogoIntroduction: The athletics races take place in the heart of public space and enjoy high levels of visibility. Race organizers benefit from connecting with sponsoring companies that want results in promoting and selling their brands. Objective: The aim of the research was to test a conceptual model to explain the effects of sponsorship on runners. It used running involvement, perceived altruistic sponsor motives, brand recognition and perceived congruence between sponsors and running as the determining constructs. Methodology: This research shifts the focus from spectator-based sponsorship to participant-based sponsorship. A sample of 736 runners from one of Portugal’s most popular athletics races completed a questionnaire. A Structural Equation Modeling analysis was carried out to test the model and the hypotheses. Results: The model explained that 49% of attitudes toward sponsors and 15% of runners' purchase intentions. The strongest effects were the effect of brand recognition on perceived congruence and the effect of perceived altruistic motives on attitudes toward the sponsor brand. However, running involvement had no significant effect on attitude towards the sponsoring company. Discussion: This research demonstrates the role played by perceptions of sponsors' altruistic motivations in shaping favourable responses to sponsoring companies and runners' intention to buy sponsors' products. Conclusions: The effects of sponsorship of athletics races on runners have been demonstrated, particularly the significant role of brand recognition and perceived altruistic motives. This study offers important implications for race organizers and sponsoring companies.