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- The Impact of an 8-Week Running Technique Program on Linear and Change-of-Direction Speed in Youth Football—A Pilot StudyPublication . Camacho, Diogo; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Susano Jacinto, Miguel ÂngeloIn football, linear speed and change-of-direction speed are fundamental skills for performance in the sport. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of an 8-week running technique program on the variables described in young footballers. Thirty-one athletes participated, 16 in the intervention group (Under-15) and 15 in the control group (Under-17). The intervention group had a mean age of 14.37 ± 0.50 years and the control group had a mean age of 15.80 ± 0.76 years. Both groups underwent two assessments, pre- and post-intervention, performing the 20-m test and the 5-0-5 Agility Test, assessing linear speed and change-of-direction speed, respectively, with timing conducted manually by trained evaluators. The results showed improvements in the intervention group in both tests, with statistically significant differences in change-of-direction speed (right foot: p = 0.010; r = 0.669; left foot: p = 0.05; r = 0.503), while the control group did not show any significant differences in either test, even showing a regression in results. The present study indicates that running technique training, even with a weekly frequency of only one session per week, may contribute to improvements in linear speed (even non-significant) but, especially, in the change of direction of young footballers. These results are important because training can promote more efficient running movement patterns, promoting benefits in terms of sports performance and the prevention of non-contact injuries.
- Effects of a Twelve-Week Complementary Sports Program to Athletics Training on Motor Competence in Children Aged 6 to 10 Years Old—A Study ProtocolPublication . Lopes, Nataniel; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Ibáñez, Sérgio J.Motor competence (MC) is defined as a global term that describes a person’s ability to be proficient in a wide range of motor acts. Based on this principle, we have created a training program that aims to determine the effect of 12 weeks of enriched athletics sports training with complementary motor activities on MC in children aged between 6 and 10 years old. The subjects will be divided into two groups: (i) the athletics training group (IG_A) that will participate in athletics training three times a week for 12 weeks, with 60 min sessions; and (ii) the athletics training + other activities group (IG_B) that will participate in athletics training twice a week and will have another activity training (gymnastics, handball, swimming, and motor games) for 12 weeks, with 60 min sessions. The two groups will be assessed at baseline and 12 weeks later. The KTK3+ will be used to assess MC. A between–within ANOVA-RM (2 [groups] × 2 [time points]) will be conducted. The results and conclusions of the implementation program will be presented in another study.
- Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs in the Association Between Exercise Goal Content and Subjective Well-Being in Portuguese Older AdultsPublication . Couto, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Bento, T.; Pereira dos Santos de Sousa Vitorino, Anabela; Monteiro, Diogo; Cid, LuisBackground: This study aimed to examine the association between different exercise goals and their impact on subjective well-being (SWB) variables, namely, positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and satisfaction with life (SWL), as well as to explore the mediating role of basic psychological needs (BPNs) in this relationship within a sample of Portuguese older adults. Objectives: The present study aimed to analyze the association between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation for exercise, basic psychological needs (BPNs), and subjective well-being (SWB) in older Portuguese people. Methods: The sample study constituted 298 individuals (233 females, 65 males), aged between 60 and 90 years (M = 68.43; SD = 6.48). Through model four of the Process macro for SPSS version 3.5, a simple mediation analysis was carried out. Results: The results show that BPNs mediated the relationship between goal content for exercise health management and positive affect (PA) and satisfaction with life (SWL); goal content for exercise skill development and PA; goal content for exercise image, PA, and SWL; and goal content for exercise social affiliation and PA. Conclusions: Thus, we can conclude that BPNs stand out as a relevant mediator in the relationship between goal content for exercise and SWB variables, which reinforces the importance of BPNs in SWB promotion in the older population.
- Tell Me What You’ve Done, and I’ll Predict What You’ll Do: The Role of Motivation and Past Behavior in Exercise AdherencePublication . Cid, Luis; Monteiro, Diogo; Bento, Teresa; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Pereira dos Santos de Sousa Vitorino, Anabela; Teixeira, Diogo S.; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Bastos, Vasco; Couto, NunoIntroduction: The main purpose of this study was to test a hierarchical model of motivation that integrates Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory to explain and predict exercise adherence. Method: In total, 2180 exercisers (1020 female, 1160 male) aged between 18 and 60 years, from different gyms and health clubs, completed several scales validated in exercise settings, regarding perceived motivational climate, basic psychological need satisfaction, behavioral regulation, and exercise adherence. For the last measure, weekly computer access to a control system over a 6-month period before and after data collection was consulted. Results: Through structural equation models (SEM), it was verified that (1) task-involving climate positively predicted basic psychological needs. In turn, the satisfaction of these needs predicted autonomous motivation, which led to a positive prediction of adherence; (2) a small variation in exercise adherence was explained by the motivational model under analysis. Nevertheless, models significantly improved their analytical power when past adherence was inserted in the model increasing the explained variance in future behavior from 9.2% to 64%. Conclusions: In conclusion, autonomous motivation can predict people's exercise adherence, and past behavior increases that predictive effect. The present study brings scientific evidence to the popular saying "tell me what you've done and, and I'll predict what you'll do".
- Is the light at the end of the tunnel bright? Associations between preference and tolerance of the intensity, basic psychological needs and behaviour in exercise contextPublication . Viveiros, Bernardo; Antunes, Raul; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Cid, Luis; Couto, Nuno; Monteiro, DiogoIn recent years, sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity have seen an evident increase. Many individuals who embark on an exercise regimen end up leaving it within the first three to six months, often citing barriers such as a lack of time or motivation. Research shows that the pleasure and enjoyment derived from exercise play a crucial role in preventing people from giving up. This suggests that theories related to the emotional aspects of exercise, including an individual’s exercise intensity preference and tolerance, should be integrated into broader motivation theories such as Self-Determination Theory (SDT). This chapter aims to provide a theoretical framework for these theories, emphasised by empirical evidence and proposes potential avenues for future research.
- Research note of the social support, resilience and subjective well-being in Portuguese athletes with disabilitiesPublication . Leitão Mira, Tânia Soraia; Costa, Aldo Filipe Matos Moreira Carvalho; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Oliveira Diz, Susana Cristina; Antunes, RaulThis review aims to summarise the studies’ insightful exploration of the relationship between adapted sport, social support, resilience, and well-being among Portuguese athletes with disabilities. The research emphasises the crucial role of social support in access to sport, but interestingly, it may not always be directly correlated with resilience or subjective well-being. Athletes with disabilities show high resilience and positive affect while scoring lower regarding negative affect. Technical support is vital for federated athletes with disabilities, and friendships are universally significant. Resilience emerges as a central factor, with strong associations with subjective well-being, indicating its importance in the sporting context. In addition, resilience appears to buffer negative emotions, emphasising its crucial role. In conclusion, these results challenge existing assumptions and emphasise the multifaceted nature of the relationship between social support, resilience and well-being among athletes with disabilities. This knowledge has practical implications for stakeholders, including parents, coaches, therapists, psychologists, and society. They underline the importance of fostering inclusive sports programmes and promoting awareness and partnerships to improve the well-being, resilience and social support of individuals with disabilities, ultimately contributing to their personal development, quality of life and social integration. Policymakers and organisations should consider these conclusions when formulating education and sports policies.
- Analysis of Frailty Indices Based on Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants in Older WomenPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Pocinho, Ricardo Filipe da Silva; Gordo, Sara; Dias Tavares da Silva, Sílvia Manuela; Antunes, RaulBackground: The aim of this study was to analyze levels of frailty, across physical, psychological, social, and overall dimensions, according to marital status, age, number of diagnosed illnesses, and number of medications taken in community-dwelling older women. Methods: The study included a total of 94 older women, aged between 60 and 89 years. All participants completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, as well as an instrument to measure physical, psychological, and social frailty, along with the total frailty score in the study participants. Group comparison test, such as the Kruskal–Wallis test, was applied. Results: Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in frailty were associated with marital status, clinical burden, and polypharmacy, with widowed/divorced individuals, those with more diagnosed diseases, and those taking more medications exhibiting higher physical and total frailty levels, while psychological frailty was notably higher in the oldest age group. Conclusions: The results indicate that physical and social interventions should be more relevant for older women with greater social isolation, as they may increase frailty indices and consequently the risk of hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality.
- The moderation role of self-efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership and enjoyment in physical educational studentsPublication . Sánchez García, C.; Reigal, R. E.; Monteiro, Diogo; Hernández Martos, J.; Hernández Mendo, A.; Morales Sánchez, V.Background: Enjoyment in physical education classes is recognized as a key factor in fostering a positive relationship with physical activity. Its significance as a component for sports participation is emphasized. Purpose: This study investigates the moderating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between the transformational leadership of physical education teachers and students’ enjoyment during classes. The hypothesis is that students’ perceived self-efficacy moderates this relationship. Methods: An associative and explanatory approach was employed. The study involved 429 adolescents (205 boys, 224 girls) aged 14–16 from the province of Málaga, Spain. Data was collected using three questionnaires: the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire to assess the teacher’s transformational leadership, the Motor Self-Efficacy Scale to measure students’ motor self-efficacy, and the Intrinsic Satisfaction in Sport Instrument to evaluate students’ enjoyment in physical education classes. Results: The findings revealed a positive relationship between teachers’ transformational leadership and students’ enjoyment in physical education classes. Moreover, students’ motor self-efficacy was found to moderate this relationship: Specifically, the positive effect of transformational leadership on enjoyment was more pronounced among students with low self-efficacy, whereas the effect was less evident among students with high self-efficacy. Discussion: The study concludes that transformational leadership influences students’ enjoyment in physical education classes, but its impact is moderated by students’ perceived self-efficacy. These results emphasize the importance of training physical education teachers in transformational leadership strategies to improve students’ experiences, fostering active and healthy lifestyles from adolescence into adulthood.
- The Last Whistle: Unveiling the Relationship between the Career Path and Retirement Age in Professional SoccerPublication . Rebelo, André; Teixeira, Diogo S.; Monteiro, Diogo; Monteiro, Diogo; Travassos, BrunoThis study explores the relationship between Career Indicators (CIs) and the retiring age of Portuguese soccer players, focusing on the impact of early career experiences and career discontinuation stages. Data were analyzed from retired Portuguese soccer players registered on a private digital platform, using specific CIs related to different stages of their athletic careers. The analysis involved a two-level mediation model incorporating various CIs. Significant direct effects emerged with ‘the number of seasons as a youth player’ and ‘the number of seasons as a youth player in top 3 clubs’ on ‘retiring age’. Additionally, a strong association was identified between ‘discontinuation stage length’ and ‘retiring age’. The findings emphasize the importance of effectively managing career discontinuation stages and proactive career planning. Consequently, comprehensive support programs offering resources and guidance for career transitions are recommended for soccer players. The study underlines the key role of stakeholders in enabling smoother transitions into retirement.
- Effects of a Playoff Match on Competitive Anxiety and Autonomic Regulation in Professional Esports PlayersPublication . Machado, Sérgio; Sant’Ana, Leandro de Oliveira; Cid, Luis; Teixeira, Diogo S.; Travassos, Bruno; Monteiro, Diogo; Nardi, Antonio EgidioBackground A competition is considered a stressful situation since it causes physiological and emotional changes in the responses of athletes and consequently influences their performance. Objective The aim of our study was to investigate competitive anxiety and heart rate variability (HRV) in professional eSports athletes, comparing the responses before and after matches based on whether they won or lost. We hypothesized that victorious players would display more favorable autonomic and anxiety-related responses after the matches compared to those who were defeated. Methods We recruited fifty male esports players from 10 different Brazilian teams and carried out the experiment across two sessions. Initially, 24 hours before the game, players signed the informed consent form, and sample characterization, along with player familiarization with anxiety and HRV, was performed. Following this, the players recorded their anxiety levels and HRV at rest for 10 minutes, both 60 and 30 minutes prior to the game (baseline time points), as well as 10 minutes after the conclusion of the game. Results Regarding anxiety, our results demonstrated that the victory group (VG) exhibited significantly lower scores for both cognitive and somatic anxiety in the post-game time point, coupled with increased scores for self-confidence when compared to the baseline (BL) and pre-game time points. In opposition, the defeated group (DG) displayed significantly elevated scores for cognitive and somatic anxiety during the post-game time point, accompanied by decreased self-confidence scores compared to the baseline and pre-game time points. Regarding heart rate variability (HRV), the victory group (VG) demonstrated a significant increase in SDNN, rMSSD, and HF measures, coupled with a significant decrease in the LF/HF ratio. Conversely, the defeated group (DG) exhibited a significant decrease in SDNN and rMSSD, along with a significant increase in the LF/HF ratio. Conclusion In summary, the VG exhibited superior HRV responses in conjunction with lower levels of anxiety compared to the DG.