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- Changes in lifestyle and physical fitness in the first year of higher education: A longitudinal study with sports studentsPublication . Jacinto, Miguel; Antunes, Raul; Aguiar Santos, Diana; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Diz, Susana; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, NunoThis study aimed to monitor variations in physical activity and fitness levels throughout the first academic year in undergraduate Sports Science students. A prospective longitudinal design included 63 students (46 men, 17 women; 19.7 ± 1.4 years), assessed at four moments (September, January, February, and June). Sociodemographic data were collected, and instruments included IPAQ, anthropometry, body composition, strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness tests. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was applied. Screen time increased significantly over the year. Physical activity levels showed a non-significant decline. Body composition indicators such as fat mass, BMI, and visceral fat increased, while lean and bone mass remained stable. Cardiorespiratory fitness and lower limb flexibility decreased significantly. These findings suggest worsening fitness and increased adiposity over the duration of the first academic year, highlighting the importance of monitoring such indicators to prevent negative health outcomes.
- The Role of Body Image Discrepancy in Exercise and Eating Motivation: A Self-Determination Theory PerspectivePublication . Salvador, Rogério; Cordeiro, Filipa; Castuera, Ruth Jimenéz; Rebelo-Gonçalves, Ricardo; Monteiro, DiogoBackground/Objectives: While body dissatisfaction is frequently studied as an outcome of physical activity, less is known about how pre-existing body image perceptions shape the quality of behavioral regulation. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to investigate the associations of different perceived body image discrepancy profiles with autonomous and controlled motivation for both exercise and eating, and to explore the interaction effects between these profiles and sex. Methods: The sample comprised 939 regular gym exercisers (32.99 ± 11.90 years; 55.1% female). Using the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale, participants were categorized into four discrepancy profiles: desire to increase, satisfied, mild desire to reduce, and moderate/severe desire to reduce. Data were analyzed using Two-Way ANOVAs. Results: The Satisfied group reported the highest autonomous and lowest controlled motivation across both domains (main effects: p < 0.001, η2p = 0.019–0.046). A significant body image × sex interaction emerged for controlled eating motivation (F(3, 931) = 6.22, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.020). Females exhibited a “U-shaped” curve, demonstrating low controlled eating motivation when satisfied (M = 1.65) but elevated levels at extremes (desire to increase: M = 2.50; moderate/severe desire to reduce: M = 2.39). Males maintained stable controlled eating motivation across all discrepancy profiles (M = 2.06–2.30). Although these main and interaction effects were statistically significant, all observed multivariate effect sizes were small (η2p = 0.012–0.046). Conclusions: Perceived body image discrepancy acts as a significant antecedent of motivational quality. The absence of a perceptual gap is linked to highly adaptive, autonomous behavioral regulation. Furthermore, the distinct sex-based patterns in controlled eating motivation underscore the necessity for health and exercise professionals to adopt tailored, sex-specific strategies when addressing body image concerns.
- Determinantes de la eficacia del patrocinio en las carreras de atletismoPublication . Silva, Alfredo; Sobreiro, Pedro; Monteiro, DiogoIntroduction: The athletics races take place in the heart of public space and enjoy high levels of visibility. Race organizers benefit from connecting with sponsoring companies that want results in promoting and selling their brands. Objective: The aim of the research was to test a conceptual model to explain the effects of sponsorship on runners. It used running involvement, perceived altruistic sponsor motives, brand recognition and perceived congruence between sponsors and running as the determining constructs. Methodology: This research shifts the focus from spectator-based sponsorship to participant-based sponsorship. A sample of 736 runners from one of Portugal’s most popular athletics races completed a questionnaire. A Structural Equation Modeling analysis was carried out to test the model and the hypotheses. Results: The model explained that 49% of attitudes toward sponsors and 15% of runners' purchase intentions. The strongest effects were the effect of brand recognition on perceived congruence and the effect of perceived altruistic motives on attitudes toward the sponsor brand. However, running involvement had no significant effect on attitude towards the sponsoring company. Discussion: This research demonstrates the role played by perceptions of sponsors' altruistic motivations in shaping favourable responses to sponsoring companies and runners' intention to buy sponsors' products. Conclusions: The effects of sponsorship of athletics races on runners have been demonstrated, particularly the significant role of brand recognition and perceived altruistic motives. This study offers important implications for race organizers and sponsoring companies.
- Short-interval consecutive goals and performance outcomes in elite women’s futsalPublication . Carvalho, Rute; Monteiro, Diogo; Costa, Júlio A.; Sampaio, Jaime; Travassos, BrunoThe goal of this study was to examine the impact of short-interval consecutive goals (SICGs), defined as ≥ 2 goals scored within three minutes, on team performance in elite women’s futsal. Goal timings from 132 matches of the 2024–2025 Portuguese Women’s Senior Futsal League were extracted from official reports. Goals inside and outside SICGs, match result, and league ranking were recorded. Path analysis using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) tested model fit and direct and indirect paths among all variables. SICGs occurred in most matches and accounted for over half of all goals, clustering in the opening and closing periods of each half. Scoring SICGs was positively associated with points (β = .30, p = .003), whereas conceding SICGs was negatively associated (β = −.24, p = .003). Combined, these effects explained 50% of the variance in points earned and 40% in final league ranking. SICGs appear to be critical tactical and psychological junctures in elite women’s futsal, with implications for match outcomes and season-long classification. Coaches may benefit from anticipating these high-leverage periods to enhance match management and prepare players for moments of advantage or disadvantage. Future research should clarify the role of SICGs in psychological momentum.
- Beyond Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness: A Comprehensive Scale for Basic Psychological Needs and Novelty in ExercisePublication . Bártolo, Vera; Jacinto, Miguel; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Matos, Rui; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Monteiro, DiogoBackground/Objectives: Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to translate and validate the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), including the Novelty dimension, within the Portuguese exercise context. Given the emerging evidence of novelty as a potential candidate for a basic psychological need, this research examined the psychometric properties and temporal stability. Furthermore, this study explored the nomological validity of these constructs regarding exercise enjoyment and satisfaction with life. Methods: The sample comprised 500 gym-goers (263 females; 237 males), aged between 18 and 65 years (M = 33.76; SD = 12.94). Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling were employed to compare the factor structure. Temporal stability was assessed through a test–retest procedure with a four-week interval (n = 50). Results: Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling provided a superior fit to the data (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97; RMSEA = 0.04) compared to Confirmatory factor Analysis, supporting the distinctiveness of the eight dimensions. The instrument demonstrated strong internal consistency (composite reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.90) and adequate discriminant validity. Path analysis revealed that novelty satisfaction was significantly associated with enjoyment and satisfaction with life. In reverse, novelty frustration was negatively associated with these well-being indicators. Intraclass correlation coefficients (0.75 to 0.83) confirmed robust temporal stability. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that the Portuguese version of the BPNSFS, including the novelty dimension, is a psychometrically comprehensive instrument for the exercise context. The results support the inclusion of novelty as a relevant psychological need within Self-Determination Theory.
- Effects of a Workplace Exercise Program on Stress, Burnout, and Quality of Life in Radiologic Technologists: A Randomized Controlled TrialPublication . Ramalho, Pedro; Nunes, António; Silva, Fernanda M.; Ramalho, André; Flores, Gonçalo; Monteiro, Diogo; Duarte-Mendes, PedroBackground/Objectives: Radiologic technologists are frequently exposed to occupational stressors that heighten the risk of burnout, compromising well-being and job performance. Workplace exercise programs have been identified as promising strategies to enhance physical and mental health across occupational groups; however, robust experimental evidence among radiologic technologists remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a structured workplace exercise program on perceived stress, burnout, and quality of life among radiologic technologists. Methods: A small-scale randomized controlled experimental study was conducted with 19 radiologic technologists from the Local Health Unit of Castelo Branco, Portugal. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 10, age mean = 43.8 ± 9.92 years old) or a control group (n = 9, age mean = 48.2 ± 7.86 years old). The intervention consisted of a six-week workplace exercise program conducted during work hours, comprising sessions three times per week, twice per day. Each session lasted approximately 15–20 min and included balance, stretching, and light resistance exercises. Outcomes were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Perceived Stress Scale, the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, and the WHOQOL-BREF. Results: The experimental group showed significant reductions in perceived stress (p = 0.013, d = −0.697 (−1.6–0.206) [moderate]) and in personal (p = 0.004, d = −0.834 (−1.748–0.08) [moderate]) and work-related burnout (p = 0.026, d = −0.756 (−1.664–0.151) [moderate]), as well as improvements in the physical (p = 0.046, d = 0.592 (−0.303–1.488) [small]) and environmental (p = 0.032, d = 0.991 (0.062–1.92) [moderate]) domains of quality of life. No significant changes occurred in the control group. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that a brief, low-cost workplace exercise program may reduce stress and burnout and improve quality of life among radiologic technologists. These findings support the integration of structured physical activity into healthcare work settings as a feasible, preventive, and health-promoting strategy.
- The Impact of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Respiratory Function: A Systematic ReviewPublication . Flores, Gonçalo; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Fonseca, Hélder; Monteiro, Diogo; Silva, Fernanda M.; Couto, Nuno; Silva, Ana Maria; Vilas-Boas, João PauloBackground: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Portugal, with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) being one of the most performed surgeries in cardiothoracic centers. After cardiac surgery, patients often experience a decrease in physical capacity, which results in an increased risk of mortality or hospitalization expenditures. The objective of this systematic review was to characterize changes in respiratory function in patients undergoing CABG. Methods: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Web of Science, Pubmed, SCOPUS, and Sport Discus were searched using a predefined research strategy to identify relevant original studies published until August 2025. To be included, studies must have assessed adult patients submitted to CABG who evaluated the respiratory function before and after cardiac surgery. Studies that reported other types of cardiac surgery were excluded. The Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of-Exposure and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials were used to analyze the risk of bias of the selected studies. Results: After screening 1184 potential articles, six studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies included participants who underwent CABG (n = 324), with a mean age ranging from 54.05 ± 13.6 to 67 ± 10 years. Conclusions: All included studies reported significant postoperative reductions in respiratory function following CABG, including forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, maximal inspiratory pressure, and maximal expiratory pressure. Although these findings consistently indicate a decline in pulmonary function, the limited number of available studies limits the strength of the conclusions. This systematic review suggests that monitoring respiratory impairments after CABG may be clinically relevant to improve health-related quality of life.
- Self-selected Recovery in High-intensity Interval Training Promotes Positive Responses in Affect, Pleasure, and Mood in Young PeoplePublication . Sant’Ana, Leandro; Vianna, Jeferson Macedo; Travassos, Bruno; Nakamura, Fábio Yuzo; Teixeira, Diogo; Scartoni, Fabiana Rodrigues; Dias, Amandio; Antunes, Raul; Rodrigues, Filipe; Matos, Rui; Machado, Sérgio; Monteiro, DiogoIntroduction: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with self-selected recovery can promote positive emotional responses. This study aimed to verify the acute responses to HIIT with fixed recovery and to select high scorers on the state of affect, enjoyment, and mood in healthy young people. Methods: Nineteen participants took part in the study (19.0±1.0 years, 64.0±9.2 kg, 169.1±8.5, and 22.0±2.0 BMI). They performed 10 x 30 s (95% V peak ) with 1 min recovery (HIIT RecA - active - 40% V peak ) and self-selected (HIIT Rec-B ). Affect, enjoyment, and mood were assessed before and after HIIT (both conditions). Results: In both conditions, for time 1 and 2 were positive in positive ( p =.170, EF: .102) and negative ( p =.0.90, EF: .151) affect, pleasure ( p =.010, EF: .315), and mood domains (tension: p <.001, EF: .673; depression: p =.015, EF: .286), anger: p =.033, EF: .230, and mental confusion: p <.001, EF: .451). In contrast, there was a reduction in the vigor domain and an increase in fatigue, with no differences in all emotional variables for condition and time*condition ( p >.05). Conclusion: Thus, selected self-recovery may be a strategy in prescribing HIIT with possibilities of not interfering with the emotional aspects, researched here.
- Short-Term 8-Foot up and Go Responsiveness in Institutionalized vs. Community-Dwelling Older AdultsPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, A. M.This study aimed to examine the combined effects of Body Mass Index (BMI) and living setting on fall risk trajectories in older adults over a 16-week period. A total of 124 older adults were recruited from nursing homes (n = 65; Mage: 84.4 ± 7.7 years) and community settings (n = 59; Mage: 70.3 ± 3.6 years). Participants were stratified by BMI (normal weight, overweight, and obesity) and assessed for functional mobility using the 8-foot Timed Up and Go test at baseline and after 16 weeks. A 3 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures GLM using the multivariate approach (Pillai’s Trace) revealed significant main effects for time (p < 0.001) and Living Setting (p < 0.001), but not for BMI (p = 0.408). A significant time × living setting interaction (p < 0.001) indicated that institutionalized older adults demonstrated a significant reduction in 8-foot Up-and-Go completion time (~16%), whereas community-dwelling peers maintained their baseline levels. These findings suggest that the observed reduction in time reflects a test familiarization effect rather than physiological improvement. Analysis revealed that the living setting profile was strongly associated with performance, showing a more significant link to functional decline than BMI-defined weight status, as no significant differences were found across BMI categories.
- Interactions Between BMI and Age on Fall Risk in Older AdultsPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Monteiro, A. M.; Forte, PedroBackground/Objectives: The aging process is typically marked by a reduction in functional fitness, which heightens the likelihood of falling. Although obesity is established as a determinant of poor mobility, the interplay between excess weight and advanced age is still a topic of research interest. Therefore, this research investigated how age, sex, and Body Mass Index (BMI) interact to influence fall risk among older adults living in the community. Methods: This cross-sectional investigation involved 815 participants (Mage = 70.45 ± 6.10 years), stratified by age (sexagenarians, septuagenarians, octogenarians) and BMI (normal weight, overweight, obesity). Fall risk was assessed using the Timed Up and Go test. A Three-Way ANOVA examined the main and interaction effects. Results: No significant three-way interaction (p = 0.334) or main effect of sex (p = 0.079) was found. However, a significant age x BMI interaction was observed (p = 0.007). In sexagenarians and septuagenarians, obesity was associated with significantly slower fall risk performance compared to normal weight (p < 0.001). Conversely, in octogenarians, this difference was not significant (p = 1.000) with normal-weight individuals. Conclusions: Obesity may be a significant risk factor for falls, especially in adults aged 60 to 79 years. In octogenarians, the protective benefit of normal weight disappears, revealing a “weight paradox” likely driven by sarcopenia. Fall risk assessments and weight management strategies should be tailored to age, focusing on preserving muscle mass in octogenarians.