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- How is risk different in family and non-family businesses? - a comparative statistical analysis during the COVID-19 pandemicPublication . Santos, E.; Ratten, Vanessa; Tavares, F.; Ratten, V.Abstract Purpose – Risk is part of corporate activity and a consequence of the businesses’ demands, the market and the changes in companies and their surroundings. The way that risk is managed is different between family and non-family businesses. The paper aims to compare the different risk types experienced in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic among family and non-family businesses and to analyze whether operational, legal, strategic and image risks influence financial risks. Design/methodology/approach – The nature of the study is quantitative and based on a questionnaire survey that analyses the perception of risks by 1,090 family businesses and 557 non-family businesses. Findings – The results show the existence of statistically significant differences in the perception of financial and legal risks between family and non-family businesses, where the former being the businesses that give more importance to these risks. The perception of operational, legal, strategic and image risks have a positive influence on the perception of financial risk in family and non-family businesses. Originality/value – The results obtained in the study are important because they allow an understanding about the differences in risk management between family and non-family businesses, which can lead to greater corporate sustainability and increased financial performance.
- Risk Planning and Management in Portuguese Companies - A Statistical ApproachPublication . Tavares, Fernando Oliveira; Santos, E.; Tavares, Vasco Capela; Ratten, VanessaThe purpose of this article is to study risk management planning and risk management in Portuguese companies. The methodology used is of a quantitative nature, based on a questionnaire survey that analyzes the risk management planning and risk management of 1647 Portuguese companies from different sectors of activity. The results allow us to conclude that the aspects that most manifest themselves in the perceptions of risk management planning are having a management plan that includes the relationship with customers, suppliers, and employees, as well as an updated security plan. This study intends to contribute to academic knowledge and for companies to know and master the concepts of risk management planning and risk management in its different aspects, helping the adoption of strategies to better plan risk management. The results make it possible to understand the differences in planning and risk management between larger and smaller companies, between older and younger companies, and between family and non-family companies. These results can contribute to increasing corporate sustainability and improving performance in planning and managing corporate risks.
- A Statistical Analysis of Companies' Financing Strategies in Portugal during the COVID-19 PandemicPublication . Tavares, Fernando; Santos, E.; Vasconcelos, Mafalda Venâncio de; Tavares, Vasco CapelaThis study aims to establish which sources of financing were used and the relevance of different banking products for Portuguese companies during the pandemic. We also intend to understand the determinants of companies’ financing options and what lies behind their decisions concerning the appropriate level of debt. A quantitative methodology was used, based on a ques tionnaire given to Portuguese companies to analyse different financing issues. The sample was composed of 1957 companies with a business volume of more than EUR 500,000 per year. The results show that Portuguese companies focused on managing liquidity and corporate risk. We found evidence that companies kept financing themselves by banking products such as in the pre-pandemic period, although 29.6% resorted to the LAE-COVID economy support line. Companies decide on the appropriate amount of debt based on the nature of the business, the phase of the life cycle in which the company is, the cash flows’ volatility, accounting results, credit rating, and fiscal benefits. Academicians and companies should master the concept of company financing and adopt strategies to consider the level of debt and refine the banking products to be used. Although the literature on business financial management usually claims that all crises are the same, the COVID-19 pandemic not only caused a recession but also forced people and companies to adapt to a new environment. Portuguese companies have shown resilience and focus on their adoption of good financing practices.
- Impact of motivations to buy and offer gifts in consumerism at ChristmasPublication . Santos, E.; Diogo, A.; Ratten, V.; Tavares, F.This article aims to analyze a conceptual model composed of the variables motivation to buy, motivation to offer gifts and compulsive consumerism at Christmas time. In order to achieve the proposed objective, a quantitative methodology based on a questionnaire survey was used. The sample consists of 1086 Portuguese individuals, over 18 years old. To evaluate the model, structural equation modeling with partial least squares was used. The results show that the motivations to buy and to offer gifts positively influence compulsive consumerism at Christmas time, and that the motivation to buy positively influences the motivation to offer gifts at Christmas time. The model also demonstrates that the motivation to offer gifts plays a mediating role in the relationship between the motivation to buy and compulsive consumerism. In Portugal there are no known studies on the motivations for offering gifts at Christmas. The present study can help academics, researchers and professionals (managers of consumer goods companies, commercial managers and advertising campaign managers) to better understand the motivations for buying and offering gifts, and the compulsive consumerism of the Portuguese population at Christmas time.
- A Influência da Imagem dos Produtos no Valor das Marcas LameirinhoPublication . Santos, E.; Monteiro, Cláudia; Tavares, Fernando OliveiraA competitividade que as empresas enfrentam nos dias de hoje é uma batalha constante para a sua sobrevivência, sendo ainda mais, em tempos de crise. As marcas são muito importantes do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento da gestão de qualquer empresa. As marcas aproximam pessoas e as pessoas revêem-se nas marcas. No presente estudo pretende-se estudar o valor das marcas representadas pela empresa Lameirinho e analisar se a imagem dos produtos e outras variáveis influenciam o valor das suas marcas. Em termos metodológicos, a revisão de literatura permitiu recolher as informações necessárias para definir o problema da investigação, os objetivos e as hipóteses. O estudo efetuado é de natureza quantitativa, sendo baseado num inquérito por questionário que analisa as variáveis: imagem da marca; notoriedade da marca; qualidade percebida, lealdade à marca e imagem dos produtos. A amostra é constituída por 174 inquiridos, sendo 63 clientes das marcas representadas pela empresa Lameirinho. Os resultados mostram que os indivíduos atribuem valor às marcas representadas pela empresa Lameirinho. Foi possível também inferir que a notoriedade da marca e a imagem dos produtos influenciam positivamente o valor da marca, sendo a imagem dos produtos considerada uma variável muito importante para o valor das marcas representadas pela empresa Lameirinho. Espera-se que esta investigação contribua para o aumento do conhecimento científico e para a criação de novas estratégias para gestão das marcas em empresas da área têxtil.
- The Value of Farmland and Its Determinants - The Current State of the ArtPublication . Tavares, Vasco Capela; Tavares, Fernando; Santos, E.This article aims to perform a literature review on the topic of farmland valuation, covering the determinants of farmland value and the models that are used to price land. To do so, recent literature on the topic was combined with classical and well-known papers. All the factors considered in these papers to explain farmland prices and/or to model them were retrieved, presented, and compared. Then, the main models proposed in the literature are presented and their suitability and goals are explained. This study can help academics as it gives an overview of the current state of the art, summarizes the main factors proposed by researchers to explain farmland prices, and sheds light on new lines of research. Besides that, it is also relevant for policymakers because farmland valuation and its use have implications on society and on urban planning, which is a hot topic under discussion.
- The impact of the experiences on affects during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantinePublication . Santos, E.; Diogo, Ana; Ratten, Vanessa; Tavares, F.The beauty of the universe was designed in the sense that the human being can enjoy this experience, in freedom, each moment as a unique experience. The contact with other beings in the universe is very important, maintaining a balance between positive and negative affects. Faced with a pandemic phenomenon, this whole scenario changed in an unexpected way. The experiences started to take place in a limited space, in the human being’s own residence, without contact with other people except the family that lives together in the same space. The aim of this article is to study the impact of the experiences on the affects during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. In terms of methodology, it was used as a questionnaire survey to analyze the experiences and the emotions intensity. The sample consists of 726 individuals who were in Portugal during the quarantine and confinement period. The results show that the experiences lived during quarantine, in general, have an impact on affects: the factor Sense and Feel has a positive impact on positive affect and a negative impact on negative affect, the Think factor has a negative impact on positive affect and a positive impact on negative affect, and the Act factor only has a positive impact on negative affect. It is expected that this study will help academics in their investigations, contributing to increase in scientific knowledge in the behavioral area of lived experiences and in the area of positive psychology in the context of pandemic and confinement situations. The results found become useful for health professionals to define appropriate strategies to improve the way individuals experience the experiences and affects and, consequently, improve the well-being and health of individuals.
- The perception of middle managers on the organizational environment for the promotion of entrepreneurship and innovation activities in organizationsPublication . Felizardo, A.; Santos, E.; Sousa, A.; Ratten, VanessaThe purpose of this study is to assess the perception of middle-level managers on the internal factors that may influence or condition their entrepreneurial behavior in organizations. The study develops and tests the Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument that allows to identify the internal conditions that influence the participation of middle-level management in the activities of organizational entrepreneurship. The sample consists of 66 middle-level managers with functions in nonfinancial companies with activity in Portugal. In the data analysis, descriptive analysis and statistical inference techniques were used. Intrapreneurship is a means by which companies can develop the capacity of their employees to innovate. Middle-level managers present positive levels of perception regarding the internal environment of the organization and in the discretion at work, where the results are more positive. The study suggests that intrapreneurship has effects on entrepreneurship in organizations. This is useful to understand the behaviors of organizations toward their entrepreneurial orientations and for managers of the middle-level level in order to obtain support for their decisions. The reduced number of data obtained limits the range and depth of the theme exploration. The corporate entrepreneurship assessment instrument (CEAI) instrument is reliable. However, it was not possible to validate for the Portuguese population due to the low number of responses. This emphasizes the importance of future research with the CEAI. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the advantages of organizations having an entrepreneurial culture as a factor to increase their competitiveness.
- The level of knowledge of financial literacy and risk of the PortuguesePublication . Santos, E.; Tavares, F.
- The Mediating Effect of Motivation between Internal Communication and Job SatisfactionPublication . Santos, Tânia Cristina Simões de Matos dos; Santos, E.; Sousa, Marlene; Oliveira, MárcioCommunication in organisations is essential for them to be competitive in a global world that is constantly changing. Internal communication especially can be a highly effective and useful strategic tool for improving organisational performance through employee motivation and satisfac tion. Based on a questionnaire survey completed by 426 employees of Portuguese organisations, this work aims to understand, using a partial least squares structural equation model, the importance of internal communication in the motivation and satisfaction of Portuguese employees. The results show that internal communication in organisations directly influences job satisfaction and also indirectly, through motivation at work, giving motivation at work the role of mediator. It is therefore important for Portuguese organisations to invest in effective internal communication strategies in order to promote employee motivation and satisfaction, recognising motivation as a key mediator in the relationship between internal communication and job satisfaction.