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- Un análisis conductual de los predictores de la adherencia al ejercicio y su impacto económico en el contexto del fitnessPublication . Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Matos, Rui; Morquecho Sánchez, Raquel; Amaro, Nuno; Cid, Luis; Couto, Nuno; Santos Teixeira, Diogo; Monteiro, Diogo; Antunes, RaulEste estudio pretendía examinar la relación entre las percepciones de los clientes sobre los comportamientos de los fisiólogos del ejercicio, los tipos de motivación y su influencia posterior en la adherencia al ejercicio durante un periodo de seis meses. Además, evaluamos el impacto financiero del abandono de los clientes en los ingresos de los gimnasios durante este periodo. Métodos: Una muestra de 1.803 individuos (edades 18-54; M = 26,61, SD = 5,48) inscritos en gimnasios de todo Portugal participaron en este estudio. Resultados: Durante el periodo de seis meses, el 42% de los clientes cancelaron sus abonos, lo que supuso una pérdida de ingresos mensual estimada de 28.659,60 euros al final del sexto mes. Acumulativamente, los gimnasios experimentaron una pérdida total de ingresos de 110.393,27 euros durante el periodo de estudio. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que los comportamientos de apoyo a las necesidades por parte de los fisiólogos se asocian positivamente con la motivación autónoma, que a su vez promueve la adherencia al ejercicio a largo plazo. Por el contrario, los comportamientos que frustran las necesidades están relacionados con la motivación controlada, que afecta negativamente al mantenimiento del ejercicio. Estos datos ponen de relieve la importancia de las estrategias de motivación tanto para la retención de clientes como para la sostenibilidad financiera de los gimnasios.
- Analysis of Frailty Indices Based on Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants in Older WomenPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Pocinho, Ricardo Filipe da Silva; Gordo, Sara; Dias Tavares da Silva, Sílvia Manuela; Antunes, RaulBackground: The aim of this study was to analyze levels of frailty, across physical, psychological, social, and overall dimensions, according to marital status, age, number of diagnosed illnesses, and number of medications taken in community-dwelling older women. Methods: The study included a total of 94 older women, aged between 60 and 89 years. All participants completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, as well as an instrument to measure physical, psychological, and social frailty, along with the total frailty score in the study participants. Group comparison test, such as the Kruskal–Wallis test, was applied. Results: Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in frailty were associated with marital status, clinical burden, and polypharmacy, with widowed/divorced individuals, those with more diagnosed diseases, and those taking more medications exhibiting higher physical and total frailty levels, while psychological frailty was notably higher in the oldest age group. Conclusions: The results indicate that physical and social interventions should be more relevant for older women with greater social isolation, as they may increase frailty indices and consequently the risk of hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality.
- Application of hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sports: A systematic reviewPublication . Viveiros, Bernardo; Jacinto, Miguel; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Monteiro, DiogoGiven the increase in sedentary lifestyles and physical inactivity, various psychosocial approaches have been used to combat this epidemic. Several studies have used Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a theoretical framework for studying behavioral change, as well as the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM) which, based on SDT, aims to explain how different levels of generality can be responsible for behavioral consequences. The aim was to investigate the associations between the variables that make up the HMIEM model applied to the context of physical exercise (gym exercisers). Following the PRISMA protocol and the PECOS strategy, the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were used to search for experimental and non-experimental studies written in English. Seven studies were considered for analysis and subjected to a methodological quality assessment The results showed that the variables that make up the social factors (e.g., supportive/thwarting behaviors) tend to be associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs (BPN) (r = 0.51, p < 0.01; r = −0.73, p < 0.01) and with frustration of BPN (r = −0.39, p < 0.01; r = 0.78, p < 0. 01), BPN satisfaction and frustration tend to be associated with autonomous forms of motivation (r = 0.57, p < 0.01; r = −0.63, p < 0.01) and controlled forms of motivation (r = −0.76, p < 0.01; r = 0.46, p < 0.01) and autonomous and controlled forms of motivation are associated with behavioral consequences (e.g., intention) (r = 0.19, p < 0.01; r = −0.17, p < 0.01). This systematic review covers interpersonal behaviors and the bright and dark sides of SDT, showing that the positive alignment between the psychosocial determinants that make up the horizontal axis of the HMIEM is fundamental for adherence to and maintenance of sustainable physical exercise practices, and future studies should now address these issues in a longitudinal manner and perhaps move on to study the vertical axis of the HMIEM.
- Author Correction: Exploring the relationship across autonomous motivation, affects, and anxiety among gym practitioners during the second COVID-19 lockdownPublication . Antunes, Raul; Rodrigues, Filipe; Jacinto, Miguel; Amaro, Nuno; Matos, Rui; Monteiro, DiogoThe original version of this Article omitted an affiliation for Filipe Rodrigues. The correct affiliations are listed below.
- Behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire and sport motivation scale-II: a scale comparisonPublication . Bica, Joana; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luis; Forte, Pedro; Monteiro, DiogoIntroduction: This study compared the psychometric properties of two primary instruments for assessing sport motivation based on Self-Determination Theory: the Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) and the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis evaluated the scales’ internal consistency, factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and model fit, which required post-hoc modifications. Measurement invariance and adherence to the theoretical simplex pattern were also tested. Results: The BRSQ demonstrated generally acceptable reliability, while the SMS-II showed deficiencies in its introjected, external, and amotivation subscales. Both scales faced validity challenges in distinguishing adjacent motivational constructs. Although measurement invariance was supported, correlations deviated from the theoretical quasi-simplex pattern. Discussion: The BRSQ appears more robust, but neither scale is flawless. Researchers must select instruments aligned with their specific objectives and interpret scores cautiously due to these psychometric limitations. This underscores the need for refined tools to better capture the dynamic complexity of motivation in sports.
- Beyond Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness: A Comprehensive Scale for Basic Psychological Needs and Novelty in ExercisePublication . Bártolo, Vera; Jacinto, Miguel; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Matos, Rui; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Monteiro, DiogoBackground/Objectives: Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to translate and validate the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), including the Novelty dimension, within the Portuguese exercise context. Given the emerging evidence of novelty as a potential candidate for a basic psychological need, this research examined the psychometric properties and temporal stability. Furthermore, this study explored the nomological validity of these constructs regarding exercise enjoyment and satisfaction with life. Methods: The sample comprised 500 gym-goers (263 females; 237 males), aged between 18 and 65 years (M = 33.76; SD = 12.94). Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling were employed to compare the factor structure. Temporal stability was assessed through a test–retest procedure with a four-week interval (n = 50). Results: Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling provided a superior fit to the data (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97; RMSEA = 0.04) compared to Confirmatory factor Analysis, supporting the distinctiveness of the eight dimensions. The instrument demonstrated strong internal consistency (composite reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.90) and adequate discriminant validity. Path analysis revealed that novelty satisfaction was significantly associated with enjoyment and satisfaction with life. In reverse, novelty frustration was negatively associated with these well-being indicators. Intraclass correlation coefficients (0.75 to 0.83) confirmed robust temporal stability. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that the Portuguese version of the BPNSFS, including the novelty dimension, is a psychometrically comprehensive instrument for the exercise context. The results support the inclusion of novelty as a relevant psychological need within Self-Determination Theory.
- Calidad percibida, calidad global del servicio, satisfacción global del servicio, valor percibido del servicio e intenciones futuras de un evento deportivo: Percepciones de los triatletas portuguesesPublication . Jacinto, Miguel; Margarido, Cristóvão; Sousa, Marlene; Carlos Marques, José; Barroca de Sousa Varela, Jorge Alexandre; Amaro, Nuno; Morquecho Sánchez, Raquel; Matos, Rui; Monteiro, Diogo; Antunes, RaulEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la estructura factorial de un modelo para evaluar la percepción de satisfacción y calidad de un acontecimiento deportivo. Se desarrolló un análisis factorial confirmatorio para probar la estructura factorial. La presente muestra comprendió 208 participantes triatletas portugueses (hombres = 148; Edad media = 41.29 ± 11.28). De estos participantes, 169 declararon practicar ejercicio físico más de 4 veces por semana y 153 dijeron haber participado en 5 o más pruebas de triatlón. Los resultados actuales mostraron que el modelo de medición presentaba un ajuste adecuado (modelo muestral total: χ2/df = 2.748, B-S p < .001, TLI = .928, CFI = 0.940, SRMR = 0.075, RMSEA = 0.092 (CI = 1.068, 1.671). Estos resultados apoyan el uso de este modelo para evaluar todas las dimensiones asociadas a un acontecimiento deportivo, en particular el triatlón.
- Changes in lifestyle and physical fitness in the first year of higher education: A longitudinal study with sports studentsPublication . Jacinto, Miguel; Antunes, Raul; Aguiar Santos, Diana; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Diz, Susana; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, NunoThis study aimed to monitor variations in physical activity and fitness levels throughout the first academic year in undergraduate Sports Science students. A prospective longitudinal design included 63 students (46 men, 17 women; 19.7 ± 1.4 years), assessed at four moments (September, January, February, and June). Sociodemographic data were collected, and instruments included IPAQ, anthropometry, body composition, strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness tests. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was applied. Screen time increased significantly over the year. Physical activity levels showed a non-significant decline. Body composition indicators such as fat mass, BMI, and visceral fat increased, while lean and bone mass remained stable. Cardiorespiratory fitness and lower limb flexibility decreased significantly. These findings suggest worsening fitness and increased adiposity over the duration of the first academic year, highlighting the importance of monitoring such indicators to prevent negative health outcomes.
- Efeitos de um programa de exercícios na autonomia, independência e aptidão física de pessoas com deficiência intelectual e de desenvolvimento - Um estudo pilotoPublication . Tomé, Alexandra; Antunes, Raul; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Rodrigues, Filipe; Amaro, Nuno; Jacinto, MiguelThe literature clearly highlights the relationship between the levels of autonomy and independence of people with intellec-tual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their levels of physical fitness. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effectsof a physical exercise program on the levels of autonomy, functionality in activities of daily living (ADL), and physical fitness of people with IDD. 17 participants completed the 9-week intervention, where parameters such as anthropometric data (height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and muscular mass (MM)), functionality in ADL (WHODAS 2.0) and data regarding physical fitness (handgrip test, Sit and Stand and timed up and go) before and after the intervention were evaluated. Significant improvements were found after the physical exercise intervention program in the functionality (self-reports: t=-2.19; p=0.03; η2=0,282and proxy reports: t=-2.64; p=0.01; η2=0,410) and body composition variables (BMI: t=-2.08; p=0.05; η2=0,254 and muscle mass;t=-1.94; p=0.05; η2=0,221), but not in the physical fitness variables. The intervention program seems to have contributed positively to improvingthe perception of autonomy in ADLs and body composition.
- Effect of a 12-Week Strength Training Program on Muscle Strength Measures of Institutionalized Older Adults—A Pilot StudyPublication . Pereira, Bernardo; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Jacinto, Miguel; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Rodrigues, FilipeInstitutionalized older adults are characterized by high levels of dependence and low levels of physical activity compared to those living in the community. This combination of factors leads to an increased risk of loss of muscle mass. Sarcopenia can be countered through strength training. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a strength training program on the physical fitness of institutionalized older adults. This study included a sample of 31 institutionalized older adults (20 females, 11 males) aged between 65 and 96 years (M = 81.64, SD = 8.67). Participants reported an average institutionalization duration of 2.43 years (SD = 2.20), ranging from half a year to ten years. A 12-week strength training program was implemented, with sessions held twice a week. Strength fitness was assessed through the following parameters: handgrip strength, upper limb muscular endurance, lower limb muscular endurance, agility and balance, body mass index, and waist circumference. The results demonstrated that a 12-week strength training program improved physical fitness in terms of lower limb muscular endurance, upper limb muscular endurance, agility, and dynamic balance (p < 0.05).