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- The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database)Publication . Garrido, Margarida V.; Lopes, Diniz; Prada, Marília; Rodrigues, David; Jerónimo, Rita; Mourão, Rui P.This article presents subjective rating norms for a new set of Stills And Videos of facial Expressions—the SAVE database. Twenty nonprofessional models were filmed while posing in three different facial expressions (smile, neutral, and frown). After each pose, the models completed the PANAS questionnaire, and reported more positive affect after smiling and more negative affect after frowning. From the shooting material, stills and 5 s and 10 s videos were edited (total stimulus set = 180). A different sample of 120 participants evaluated the stimuli for attractiveness, arousal, clarity, genuineness, familiarity, intensity, valence, and similarity. Overall, facial expression had a main effect in all of the evaluated dimensions, with smiling models obtaining the highest ratings. Frowning expressions were perceived as being more arousing, clearer, and more intense, but also as more negative than neutral expressions. Stimulus presentation format only influenced the ratings of attractiveness, familiarity, genuineness, and intensity. The attractiveness and familiarity ratings increased with longer exposure times, whereas genuineness decreased. The ratings in the several dimensions were correlated. The subjective norms of facial stimuli presented in this article have potential applications to the work of researchers in several research domains. Fromour database, researchers may choose the most adequate stimulus presentation format for a particular experiment, select and manipulate the dimensions of interest, and control for the remaining dimensions. The full stimulus set and descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) for each stimulus per dimension are provided as supplementary material.
- Formation of intermetallic structures at the interface of steel-to-aluminium explosive weldsPublication . Carvalho, G.H.S.F.L.; Galvão, I.; Mendes, R.; Leal, R.M.; Loureiro, A.The formation of intermetallic structures at the interface of carbon steel to 6082 aluminium alloy explosive welds and their influence on the weldability of these two materials were studied. The morphology, the microstructure, the chemical and phase compositions of the welds were characterised by several types of microscopy techniques. The interface characterisation proved that explosive mixtures with a lower detonation velocity were revealed as being more suitable for achieving consistent welds since jet entrapment was prevented and continuous molten layers were not formed at the weld interface. It was also found that the physical properties of the intermetallic phases generated at the weld interface have a strong influence on the weldability of steel-to-aluminium explosive welds. Specifically, it was shown that the formation of aluminium-rich intermetallic phases at the weld interface increases the solidification time of the interfacial molten material, decreasing the weldability of these two materials. The formation of these intermetallic compounds should be avoided by reducing the interaction between the flyer and the baseplate as well as by avoiding excessive molten layers.
- Influence of friction stir welding parameters on the microstructural and mechanical properties of AA 6016-T4 thin weldsPublication . Rodrigues, D.M.; Loureiro, A.; Leitão, C.; Leal, R.M.; Chaparro, B.M.; Vilaça, P.; Leal, RuiIn present work friction stir welds produced in 1 mm thick plates of AA 6016-T4 aluminium alloy, with two different tools, were analysed and compared concerning the microstructure and mechanical properties. For each tool, the welding parameters were optimized in order to achieve non-defective welds. Assuming a relation between the welding parameters and the energy input per unit of length of the weld [Seidel TU, Reynolds AP. Visualization of the material flow in AA2195 friction stir welds using a marker insert technique. Metall Mater Trans A 2001;32A:2879-84; Sato YS, Urata M, Kokawa H. Parameters controlling microstructure and hardness during friction stir welding of precipitation-hardenable aluminum alloy 6063. Metall Mater Trans A 2002;33(3):625-35; Lim S, Kim S, Lee CG, Kim S-J. Tensile behavior of friction-stri-welded Al 6061-T651. Metall Mater Trans A 2004;35(9):2829-35; Yang B, Yan J, Sutton MA, Reynolds AP. Banded microstructure in AA2024-T351 and AA2524-T351 aluminum friction stir welds: Part I. Metallurgical studies. Mater Sci Eng A 2004;364(1-2):55-65; Peel MJ, Steuwer A, Withers PJ, Dickerson T, Shi Q, Shercliff H. Dissimilar friction stir welds in AA5083-AA6082. Part I: process parameter effects on thermal history and weld properties. Metall Mater Trans A 2006;37:2183-193; Gerlich A, Su P, Yamamoto M, North TH. Effect of welding parameters on the strain rate and microstructure of friction stir spot welded 2024 aluminum alloy. J Mater Sci 2007;42(14):5589-601; Lombard H, Hattingh DG, Steuwer A, James MN. Optimising FSW process parameters to minimise defects and maximise fatigue life in 5083-H321 aluminum alloy. Eng Fract Mech 2008;75(3-4):341-54], the welds produced were classified as "hot" and "cold welds". The results obtained showed that the "hot" welds, obtained with the maximum tool rotational speed and the minimum traverse speed, have improved mechanical properties relative to the "cold" welds that were in undermatch condition relative to the base material. The differences in mechanical properties between the two types of welds are explained based in TEM microstructural analysis. Despite the undermatched characteristics of the "cold" welds relative to the base material, formability tests demonstrated that these welds improve the drawing performance of the welded sheets.
- Mechanical behaviour of similar and dissimilar AA5182-H111 and AA6016-T4 thin friction stir weldsPublication . Leitão, C.; Leal, R.M.; Rodrigues, D.M.; Loureiro, A.; Vilaça, P.; Leal, RuiThe tensile behaviour of similar and dissimilar friction stir welds in 1 mm thick sheets of two aluminium alloys (AA5182-H111 and AA6016-T4) is analysed in this paper. The heterogeneity in properties across the welds was studied by performing microhardness tests and microstructural analysis. The tensile tests were performed in samples extracted longitudinal and transverse to the weld direction. It was found that the tensile behaviour of the welds depends mainly on the grain size in the TMAZ, for the AA5182-H111 alloy, and on precipitate distribution, for the AA6016-T4 alloy. In all types of welds, the HAZ preserves the same properties of the base materials. The global mechanical behaviour of the AA5182-H111 similar welds is very similar to that of the base material. However, for the AA6016-T4 similar welds and for the AA6016-T4-AA5182-H111 dissimilar welds a 10-20% strength reduction relative to the base materials and important losses in ductility were reported.
- Desenhos animados e narrativa sequencial para crianças Surdas – Procurando comunicar, entre ouvir e visualizarPublication . Marques, Nuno fragata; Conde e Sousa, Joana; Esteves Rodrigues, AndreiaOs desenhos animados são uma forma de entretenimento apreciada por crianças e adultos em todo o mundo e desempenham um papel significativo no desenvolvimento cognitivo, emocional e social das crianças. Iremos procurar relacionar a criação de desenhos animados gestuantes em diálogo com formas de narrativa sequencial, a banda desenhada e o storyboard, como comunicação direcionada a dois públicos distintos, crianças surdas e crianças ouvintes. Partimos de um ponto de vista inclusivo que as coloca em ponto de igualdade como público-alvo a favor da identificação de pistas que ajudem à criação de narrativas e conteúdos em cinema de animação. Exploraremos a importância dos desenhos animados para crianças Surdas, fonte de acessibilidade linguística, estímulo visual e cognitivo, representação e educação. Por meio de um estudo exploratório, via pesquisa, análise e produção, procura-se perceber possibilidades visuais para explorações da representação do som. Apresentamos, como resultados, um conjunto de considerações a seguir a favor da criação de desenhos animados gestuantes, representativos da cultura surda.
- Virtual Reality in Depressive and Anxiety Symptomatology – Contributions to REVIDA project from a mobile app mappingPublication . Ruívo, Marília; Frontini, Roberta; Pernencar, CláudiaThe worldwide prevalence of mental health diseases is alarming. 792 million individuals have a mental disorder such as anxiety or depression. Treatment varies among the types of illness. They can be expensive and, in order to be effective, must address a combination of psychotherapy and medications. The drugs used for treating symptoms present a risk of negative side effects. Studies have shown the benefits of other co-therapies such as physical exercise. In this case, the ability to simulate reality can strongly increase the introduction of other psychological therapies and treatment results can be improved through new immersive experiences. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy has demonstrated its effectiveness by allowing patients to gradually face fearful stimuli or stressful situations. Recent studies showed that the use of Virtual Reality is effective and safe for mental health. Particularly, in the scenario of how Virtual Reality simulation could increase empathy and behaviour change. This article presents a preliminary study of the REVIDA project: It aims to investigate through Benchmarking and SWOT Analysis the possible integration of Virtual Reality in mental illness monitoring in Portugal. Results show that there exist several new opportunities for using Virtual Reality technology in mental health and wellbeing.
- Drawing powersPublication . Poeiras, Fernando
- Higher Physical Activity Levels May Help Buffer the Negative Psychological Consequences of Coronavirus Disease 2019 PandemicPublication . Antunes, Raul; Goncalves-Rebelo, Ricardo; Amaro, Nuno; Salvador, Rogério; Matos, Rui; Morouço, Pedro; Frontini, RobertaThis study explored the associations between physical activity (PA) anxiety levels, and the perception of satisfaction of basic psychological needs (BPN), during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown. Thus, 1,404 participants (977 women, 426 men, and one respondent preferred not to answer) ranging from 18 to 89 years old (36.4 ± 11.7 year-old) completed a questionnaire in the period between 1st and 15th April 2020. The survey included sociodemographic data and the following validated instruments: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Basic Need General Satisfaction Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to examine variation in anxiety levels and BPN satisfaction according to PA category (low, moderate, and high). Spearman’s Rho correlations coefficients were used to determine the association between anxiety levels and psychological needs. Individuals presenting a higher level of PA revealed lower levels of anxiety-state (H = 20.14; p < 0.01). Differences between elements from different levels of PA were found for the autonomy (H = 23.52; p < 0.001), competence (H = 18.89; p < 0.001), and relatedness (H = 24.42; p < 0.001) psychological needs, suggesting that those who feel their BPN as more satisfied have higher levels of PA. The study found statistically significant correlations between anxiety-state and the satisfaction of the needs for autonomy (p = 0.01; r = −0.46), competence (p = 0.01; r = −0.40), and relatedness (p = 0.01; r = −0.21). These findings support the importance that PA has in the anxiety levels during social isolation, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary teams in an individual-based approach.
- Nugget Formation and Mechanical Behaviour of Friction Stir Welds of Three Dissimilar Aluminum AlloysPublication . Manuel, Neves; Galvão, Ivan; Leal, Rui M.; Costa, José D.; Loureiro, AltinoThe aim of this research was to investigate the influence of the properties of the base materials and welding speed on the morphology and mechanical behavior of the friction stir welds of three dissimilar aluminum alloys in a T-joint configuration. The base materials were the AA2017-T4, AA5083-H111, and AA6082-T6 alloys in 3 mm-thick sheets. The AA6082-T6 alloy was the stringer, and the other alloys were located either on the advancing or retreating sides of the skin. All the T-joint welds were produced with a constant tool rotation speed but with different welding speeds. The microstructures of the welds were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the electron backscatter diffraction technique. The mechanical properties were assessed according to micro-hardness, tensile, and fatigue testing. Good quality welds of the three dissimilar aluminum alloys could be achieved with friction stir welding, but a high ratio between the tool's rotational and traverse speeds was required. The welding speed influenced the weld morphology and fatigue strength. The positioning of the skin materials influenced the nugget morphology and the mechanical behavior of the joints. The joints in which the AA2017 alloy was positioned on the advancing side presented the best tensile properties and fatigue strength.
- Co-designing new resources to support better quality end of life care with people with dementia and family carersPublication . Macdonald, Alastair; Neves, Sandra; McLellan, Emma; Poole, MarieAs more people die with dementia, end of life care discussions are growing in importance. Alastair Macdonald and colleagues report on their study and explain how co-designing new resources could help to strengthen support at the end of life