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- A bibliometric study of the cultural models in international business researchPublication . Reis, Nuno; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Santos, João Carvalho; Serra, Fernando RibeiroCulture and the influence of national cultures and cultural differences have been widely studied in International Business (IB) research especially over the past three decades. To better understand what culture actually means and its implications on firms’ international operations, several cultural models and taxonomies have been put forward. In this paper we review the main cultural models in the extant IB research – Hofstede’s (1980), Hall’s (1976) and Troompenaars’ (1993) – and Kogut and Singh’s (1988) concept of cultural distance. In a bibliometric study of over 3,600 articles published in seven top ranked journals for IB research, we examine citations and co-citations to assess the relative use of the cultural models and the ties binding authors and theories studied. This study offers a wealth of information on the current state of IB-related research using culture that may be used to better understand the intellectual structure of the sub-field of cultural issues in IB studies but also to identify gaps for future inquiry. The results help setting a profile of the network of knowledge and permit us to conclude that Hofstede’s (1980) taxonomy on cultural characteristics is the most cited cultural taxonomy and holds ties to many of the core streams of IB-related research. In fact, despite the well-known criticisms, there is an increasing use of Hofstede’s dimensions.
- A empresa e o meio nas teorias económicas da empresa: uma leitura longitudinalPublication . Santos, João Carvalho; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Reis, NunoA teoria económica tem tentado compreender e explicar o comportamento das empresas nos mercados. Contudo, persistem grandes divergências acerca do papel das diferentes forças que influenciam o crescimento e os objectivos das empresas. Sintetizar os principais contributos dos autores mais relevantes das diferentes teorias económicas parece útil. Assim, neste artigo fazemos uma breve revisão das teorias da empresa desde a teoria neoclássica até ao conceito de capacidades dinâmicas e o impacto nas empresas das alterações do ambiente onde se inserem.
- The international entrepreneurial firm's social networksPublication . Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Serra, Fernando Ribeiro; Santos, João CarvalhoThis paper investigates theoretically the importance and impact of the international entrepreneurial firms’ (IEFs) social networks on selected firms’ strategies. We focus specifically on some core attributes of IEFs and the impact of social networks on such strategies as the choice of the foreign markets to operate and the foreign entry modes. The social networks are a major driver of the internationalization from inception and help in overcoming a variety of physical and social resource limitations as well as transactional hazards. We conclude that it is likely that both some fundamental characteristics of the IEFs and those of the foreign markets entered account for these firms reliance on their social networks.
- A bibliometric study of John Dunning’s contribution to international business researchPublication . Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Pinto, Cláudia Sofia Frias; Serra, Fernando Antonio Ribeiro; Santos, João CarvalhoThis article offers a review of John Dunning’s contribution to international business (IB) research, so as to assess the impact of Dunning and of the Eclectic paradigm on this discipline. The contribution of Dunning and of the Eclectic paradigm – usually referred to as OLI – are a core reference to current international business research, namely for studying location decisions, foreign investment, entry modes and internationalization, and for the multinational enterprise theory. First, we review the conceptual foundations of Dunning’s academic contribution. Second, methodologically, we carry out a bibliometric study of articles published in 14 respected academic business magazines over a period of 31 years, between 1980 and 2010. A sample of 697 published articles that refer to Dunning’s work supports the analysis of citations and co-citations matrixes and of relevant themes, allowing us to verify the influence of Dunning’s work on the international business and Management disciplines. This study allowed us to identify the network of connections between Dunning’s Eclectic paradigm and a variety of international business theories, concepts and authors, as well as with the main subjects studied in the discipline. We observed the connections to the transaction costs theory, resource-based view, industrial organization and evolutionary theory. This study also contributes to scholars’ better understanding of the development of the discipline and of the structure of knowledge within connections between theories and authors. Through their contributions, scholars such as John Dunning leave their imprint on the way in which disciplines and knowledge evolve. Dunning’s work, in the Eclectic paradigm, systematized three conditions that guide the internationalization of companies – and is now a reference for entrepreneurial activities, scholars and research.
- Managing in a foreign country: the influence of culture in management decisionsPublication . Reis, Nuno; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Santos, João CarvalhoThe world’s increasingly global economics is well documented fact. Globalization means people worldwide are becoming more similar, but there are still very important differences. Culture is an important factor that makes two countries unlike. In this paper we present three conceptual propositions on the effects of culture in management, at three different levels (corporate, business and functional). We argue that culture plays influences the management decisions at all three levels, affecting the firm’s success.
- Mergers & acquisitions research: a bibliometric study of top strategy journals, 2000 - 2009Publication . Santos, João Carvalho; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Reis, Nuno; Serra, FernandoMergers and acquisitions (M&As) are important modes through which firms undertake their domestic and international strategies. This bibliometric review examines the extant research on M&As in the top five strategic management journals during a ten years period – from 2000 to 2009. The 90 articles identified in these top journals denote an eclectic theoretical focus with the prevalence of four theories – resource-based view, transaction costs, agency theory and institutional theory. We present a brief analysis of the key issues in M&A research, as well as the samples and theories more commonly used. We conclude by presenting a broad discussion comprising the methods used, the research questions investigated, the type of articles, as well as limitations and avenues for future enquiry.
- A integração da empresa em redes industriais: minimizar os efeitos da distância psíquica na internacionalização de empresasPublication . Santos, João Carvalho; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Reis, NunoA abordagem de redes para a internacionalização tem sido estudada por diversos investigadores na área dos negócios internacionais. As empresas envolvem-se crescentemente em negócios internacionais, pelo que necessitam de aprender a adaptar-se às diferenças que encontram nos mercados externos. Neste artigo propomos um modelo conceptual que sugere que a integração em redes industriais reforça a capacidade competitiva das empresas nos mercados externos. Pertencer a redes de empresas permite ter acesso a conhecimento que facilita a entrada nos mercados internacionais, melhor adaptação a ambientes económica, politica, legal e culturalmente diferentes do seu país de origem. A integração em redes permite, portanto, reduzir a distância psíquica percebida. A partir da revisão de literatura das teorias da internacionalização, com especial enfoque na escola de Uppsala, das redes industriais e do conceito de performance, discutimos a importância das redes de industriais na internacionalização das empresas.
- A performance na abordagem RBV: estudo das publicações do JIBSPublication . Reis, Nuno; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Santos, João CarvalhoA medição de performance é uma questão que não reúne consenso, apesar de amplamente estudada. Mesmo numa área restrita da investigação em gestão como os negócios internacionais, diversas medidas de performance são utilizadas. Neste artigo, recorremos aos artigos publicados no Journal of International Business Studies no período entre 2000 e 2009 que utilizam a perspectiva RBV. Com base nos artigos identificados, procurámos identificar qual o tipo de medida de performance mais utilizado nos negócios internacionais, sob a perspectiva RBV.
- Industrial Network Membership: reducing psychic distance hazards in internationalization of firmsPublication . Santos, João Carvalho; Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Reis, NunoThe network approach to internationalization of firms has been the research focus of many international business scholars. Firms are increasingly involved in international business ventures and arguably need to learn to adapt to the idiosyncratic milieus of foreign markets. This paper proposes a conceptual model suggesting that integration in industrial networks strengthens corporate competitiveness in international markets. Network membership provides access to knowledge and a wider array of physical, technical, reputational and financial resources that facilitate adaptation to the various dimensions – economic, political, legal, cultural – of international business environments. Membership in social and business networks is likely to ease internationalization by reducing the psychic distance perceived by firms.
- Entrepreneurship research: a bibliometric study of the ENANPADs 1997-2008Publication . Ferreira, Manuel Portugal; Santos, João Carvalho; Reis, Nuno; Serra, FernandoWe have witnessed a fast growth in academic interest on entrepreneurship over the past two to three decades, although at disparate paces in different countries. A wealth of papers presented and published, books, dedicated journals, websites, professional and research groups have emerged accompanying this increased interest. It is thus important to understand what are these scholars studying. In this paper we examine the state of the art in entrepreneurship research in Brazil, by scrutinizing the entire track record of the papers presented at the EnANPAD over a twelve years period: 1997 -to 2008. The results of the bibliometric analysis revealed that entrepreneurship research maintains a broad spectrum of interests, focusing both on contextual, individual and process issues. Less visible is a unified theoretical background or the use of established theories foundational to other management disciplines. It is notable the increase in Brazilian entrepreneurship research, both empiric, theoretical and casestudy based. We conclude with an umbrella discussion and suggestions for future research.