CARME - Capítulos de livros
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- An experimental analysis of grandfathering versus dynamic auctioning in the EU ETSPublication . Botelho, Anabela; Fernandes, Maria Eduarda; Pinto, LígiaPurpose – This study constitutes a first attempt to experimentally test the performance of a 100% auction versus a 100% free allocation of CO2 permits under the rules and parameters that mimic the EU ETS (imperfect competition, uncertainty in emissions' control, and allowing banking), with environmental targets more restrictive than the current ones but foreseeable for the near future. Methodology/approach – Two experimental treatments were run to achieve our goal. Both included the rules and the parameters that parallel the EU ETS structure, the only difference being the rule for the primary allocation of permits. Findings – Our experimental results indicate that the EU ETS has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions, achieving targets considerably more restrictive than the current ones at high efficiency levels, both with auctioned and free emission permits. Practical implications – Concerns about undue scarcity, and corresponding high prices, in secondary markets generated by a primary auction market are not warranted under the proposed dynamic auction format. This adds arguments favoring auctioning over grandfathering as the rule for the initial allocation of emission permits in the EU ETS. Originality/value of chapter – This study implements a theoretically appropriate auction format for the primary allocation of emission permits (the Ausubel (2004) auction) and incorporates a first attempt to include in the analysis measures of the risk preferences of subjects participating in emission permits experiments. These characteristics are for the first time implemented under a complex experimental design (including uncertainty of emission abatement, and banking), trying to parallel the EU ETS trading environment.
- Assessment of Job Satisfaction in Nurses: Contributions to Health ManagementPublication . Costeira, Cristina; Santos-Costa, Paulo; Oliveira-Salgueiro, Anabela; Santos, Cátia; Pais, Nelson; Ventura, FilipaBackground: Evidence reflects that job satisfaction is an indicator of the quality of health care. Health managers and decision-makers cannot neglect its importance and should promote organizational interventions for its assessment and improvement. Objective: This study aims to (i) compare the job satisfaction experienced by nurses with the one desired (ii) identify the lowest areas of current satisfaction and (iii) reflect in areas of lowest and higher job satisfaction. Method: A descriptive study carried out in September 2021 with thirty oncology nurses, who were asked to fill out an electronic questionnaire with the professional life wheel coaching tool. This coaching diagnostic tool assesses the current satisfaction level and the desired satisfaction level from 1 to 10. The inquired areas were: salary, career progression, relationships with managers, relationships with the team, relationships with patients/family, professional environment, feeling of institutional belonging, working conditions, appreciation/recognition, and professional fulfillment. Ethical assumptions were preserved. Results: The results suggest that oncology nurses have important levels of job dissatisfaction. The lowest values of experienced job satisfaction were related to career development, while the highest were related to team relationships. Regarding the desired job satisfaction, the salary was the area presenting the least need for correction. The relationship with patients and families was identified as the area with the greatest desire for improvement. There was a weak correlation between job satisfaction and age, and job satisfaction and professional experience. Discussion and Conclusion: The relationship with the team was one of the areas identified by nurses as significant for their levels of satisfaction, revealing the importance of promoting the development of healthful and effective relationships. Promoting relationships with patients and families is also important as this area was identified as a desire for greater professional development. Health care institutions and nurse managers aiming at the promotion of job satisfaction should plan interventions focusing on the areas of lower job satisfaction and towards younger nurses, who have less experience in clinical environments. Such an approach will likely allow the nurses to feel valued and will reduce the gap between experienced and desired job satisfaction.
- Bibliometrics in Public AdministrationPublication . Marques, Tânia M. G.; Reis, Nuno Rosa; Serra, Fernando A. R.Introduction: Bibliometrics refers to the studies which seek to compute the processes of written communication, including several methods for tracking the scientific information on a discipline, a field, or a topic. Thus, bibliometrics make available a complementary perspective of the history, path, and evolution of a discipline through the quantitative analysis of its existent literature. In Public Administration, there is arguably a scarcity of bibliometric studies. The relevance and usefulness of the bibliometric approach has not been yet fully grasped by the Public Administration scholars. Thus, an advancement on this comprehension and a widespread use of bibliometric techniques may contribute to advance the research in the Public Administration discipline.
- Brand and Competitiveness in Health and Wellness TourismPublication . Santos, Eleonora; Crespo, Cátia; Moreira, Jacinta; Castanho, Rui AlexandreHealth and wellness tourism is growing worldwide, triggering a resurgence of competition in this segment and a clear need for the supply to develop new products and services, increasingly creative and exclusive, capable of attracting tourists. Thermal waters in Portugal are considered very rich in terms of chemical composition, which makes their use highly important in various wellness and rejuvenating therapies like balneotherapy, thermalism, etc. This enables the country to pursue a differentiated wellness-related experience product, which is a key determinant of customer loyalty and can play an important role in regional development. Natural resources contribute to the strengths of territories and can be leveraged by marketing tools such as brands. This article intends to draw inferences about the effect of the brand on the competitiveness of the wellness tourism supply, across NUTS II regions of the continent, during the period of ten years, with a special focus on the recent period of the COVID-19 pandemic. With a sample of 10 spas in Portugal, retrieved from SABI database, we analyze the evolution of four competitiveness indicators: market share, productivity, return on investment and talent retention, for 2010–2020, by clusters of firms with and without brand. The correlation analysis between brand and competitiveness indicators suggests a strong positive and significant relationship between brand and market share, in the Centro and Lisbon regions, starting in 2017 and increasing over time. Finally, some recommendations on tourism management are made to improve the competitiveness of the supply.
- Business Plan Globetrot Plus Blockchain B2C Artificial Intelligence Solution for Tourism IndustryPublication . Syed, Hassan; Castanho, Rui Alexandre; Santos, Eleonora; García, Pablo Juan Cárdenas; Franco, MaraTravel is the ideal outcome for online diffusion. Unlike buying in most industries, the travel trade implicates the exchange, not physical inventory; however, it demands information. The tourist must select from many imaginable products, services, and fees that may differ with the minor adjustment of any parameters. Suppose, for example, a one-way airplane ticket. That ticket, for the same seat on an equivalent airplane, could be significantly more or less costly should the consumer decide to take delivery of the product (i.e., departure date or time) only a few hours earlier or later. The price for the same effect could likewise vary if the tourist was to complete the acquisition a day before or later. The special dynamics of travel shopping and buying are ideally fitted to the Internet, and the result of this creative medium has been nothing less than stunning. In this regard, the article is based on direct and indirect methods—being the literature review the most used technique. Contextually, in this study, it is possible to verify that the AI-combined Blockchain solution may seem a bit advanced at this stage; however, with further innovations, entering the applied field will certainty make this concept a reality.
- Business Strategies and University-Pharmaceutical Industry CollaborationPublication . Santos, Eleonora; Moreira, Jacinta; Castanho, Rui AlexandreThe literature provides plenty of evidence that innovation is a key driver of corporate competitiveness. However, R&D involves many financial resources. Thus, a way to overcome firms’ financial constraints is to form partnerships and collaborations with universities, usually funded by public capital, to achieve strategic corporate objectives. Therefore, and considering that the pharmaceutical industry is the one that most depends on the results of R&D, this article is a case study of how a pharmaceutical company in the Centro region of Portugal, where there is already a health cluster, incorporated the collaboration with the university in its long-term business strategy. We employ a narrative analysis of the media news, to show the management capacity in dealing with numerous and continuous challenges of the present context to continue pursuing the company’s long-term goals. The results show that the corporate strategy is based on two main aspects, on the one hand, collaboration with the university aiming at technological differentiation and, on the other, on the flexibility of production to achieve long term growth. Our contribution to the literature on the subject is twofold. First, we introduce the specific case of the pharmaceutical industry and argue that geographical distance is important to establish collaborations with academia due to the nature of the research (human health) that relies greatly in labs with human experiments. Second, we identify and highlight the role of Innovation prizes and publishing agreements as part of a strategy to attract talents and gain access to innovation, and to retain and increase the number of customers, as well as to improve the company's notoriety and reputation.
- Competitiveness of the Medical Tourism Supply in PortugalPublication . Santos, Eleonora; Moreira, Jacinta; Castanho, Rui Alexandre; Carvalho, Milena; Martins, SusanaSince 2008, government and private hospitals, recognizing the growth potential of specialization in certain medical procedures, started to promote Portugal as a medical tourism destination. As a result, the country is internationally recognized in areas such as oncology, neuroscience, immunology, nanomedicine, and regenerative medicine, and as having an internationally accredited modern healthcare network based on innovation in therapeutic processes and products, qualified professionals, and state-of-the-art equipment. However, previous literature suggests that the lack of cooperation between the stakeholders is major obstacle to international performance. Moreover, the pandemic has caused restrictions to international travels, contributing to the decrease of demand for medical tourism. Thus, this paper analyzes the evolution of the competitiveness of the medical tourism supply during the pandemic. Using an unbalanced panel of 157 private hospitals, collected from SABI for 2011 to 2020, we calculated four performance indicators: market share, return on investment, productivity and talent retention. Results point to the possession of key factors to ensure the success and development of a consolidated supply of medical tourism. The paper makes recommendations on the strategies to increase competitiveness of medical tourism supply
- Corporate Governance and Company Performance: A Comparative Analysis Across Sectors in PortugalPublication . Santos, Eleonora; Moreira, Jacinta; Ribeiro, NeuzaThe assessment of the implementation of the corporate governance practices is important because it contributes to the efficient use of resources and, thus, increases corporate performance. However, the practice of CG in Portugal is below European standards due to several issues related to weak legal protection, concentrated ownership structures, and limited information transparency. Using a panel data of 17 firms listed on PSI20, this chapter investigates the impact of the internal CG mechanisms on corporate performance, in 2014-2018. Results show that the size of the audit committee impacts positively on firm performance. However, the number of independent members of audit committee decreases corporate performance in firms operating in services, and ownership of related parties increases corporate performance. Also, fewer leveraged firms are likely to exhibit better performances. This research provides understanding of the relationships between internal mechanisms of CG and corporate performance by comparing results across groups of sectors.
- Corporate Performance and Employment in High-Growth HotelsPublication . Santos, Eleonora; Moreira, Jacinta RaquelThe importance of tourism, the criticality of the hospitality industry to employment and economic growth and the relationship between High-Growth Hotels (HGHs) and regional development provide the rationale for this study. This paper analyzes the financial sustainability of HGHs in 2016–2019 and their contribution to employment by NUTs II regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Overall results indicate better performances among HGHs located in the Southwest regions of the Iberian Peninsula, in the capital cities and in the Northeast of Spain. Also, the correlation between the regional incidence of HGHs and the average number of employees appear to confirm the results of previous studies that gazelles are major employers.
- Does Inbound Tourism Create Employment?Publication . Santos, EleonoraTourism’s share in world employment is greater than that for motor-vehicles and chemicals industries combined, worldwide. Since tourism sector comprises many NACE sectors, it exerts non despicable indirect impacts on the rest of the economy. In addition, tourism offices around the world spend every year millions of euros in tourism campaigns to attract foreign tourists. For many economies, this source of income is vital for the equilibrium of their external balance accounts. Yet, one aspect that is not well studied is the influence of those foreign tourists on job creation on tourism related companies, in the host country, namely in the hospitality industry. Thus, this paper tests whether foreign outdoor tourists have contributed to job creation in Northern Portugal in 2006–2014. Based on data from 4 sources, it employs an OLS estimator to regress the employment changes on the number of new firms, turnover, share of foreigners in outdoor tourism activities, and labor productivity. Results indicate a negative but not statistically significant impact of foreign tourists on employment changes. Such results motivate further empirical investigation.