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Mapping the Second Victim Experience Among Western Nurses: A Scoping Review
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Background/Objectives: The second victim phenomenon is increasingly recognized as a significant issue affecting nurses involved in adverse events resulting from clinical decisions or interventions. Although patients and families, considered the first victims, are directly impacted, nurses often undergo challenges as second victims. With the growing awareness of these effects, this study aimed to map recent evidence on the second victim phenomenon among nurses in Western countries. Methodology: A Scoping Review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology in September 2024 and updated in November 2025. Eligibility criteria were defined using the PCC (Population, Concept, Context) framework. Searches were performed in PubMed, CINAHL, SciELO, and Scopus. Two independent reviewers carried out study selection, data extraction, and synthesis. Rayyan® supported screening, performed in two phases: title/abstract review and full-text analysis. Data extraction was conducted in Excel®, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and categorized into thematic areas. The review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines and was registered in the Open Science Framework. Results: Of the 111 articles retrieved, 39 met the inclusion criteria. Evidence shows that although several support programs exist for nurses as second victims, they are often perceived as inadequate or inconsistently implemented. Second victim experience is associated with physical (e.g., sleep disturbances), emotional (e.g., fear), and psychological (e.g., distress) symptoms, with consequences such as absenteeism, professional dissatisfaction, loss of meaning in life, and even suicide. Conclusion: Findings highlight the need for more comprehensive, accessible, and consistently implemented support strategies to meet the complex needs of nurses affected by the second victim phenomenon.
Descrição
Article number - 467
This article belongs to the Special Issue Work Conditions and Mental Health in Healthcare Workers.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/healthcare14040467/s1, File S1: PRISMA-ScR Checklist; Table S2: Summary of the included studies. Reference [58] is cited in the Supplementary Materials.
This article belongs to the Special Issue Work Conditions and Mental Health in Healthcare Workers.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/healthcare14040467/s1, File S1: PRISMA-ScR Checklist; Table S2: Summary of the included studies. Reference [58] is cited in the Supplementary Materials.
Palavras-chave
nurse medical errors occupational stress adverse effects psychological trauma patient safety second victim phenomenon second victim syndrome
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Costeira, C., Junqueira, H., Quintas, P., Pragosa, Â., Mata, E., Duarte, H., Bom, L., & Pais, N. (2026). Mapping the Second Victim Experience Among Western Nurses: A Scoping Review. Healthcare, 14(4), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14040467
Editora
MDPI