Multidrug resistance assessment of indoor air in Portuguese long-term and acute healthcare settings

Background: Knowledge about air as a pool of pathogens and multidrug resistance (MDR) in healthcare units apart from hospitals is scarce. Aim: To investigate these features in a Portuguese long-term healthcare unit (LTHU) and a central hospital (CH). Methods: Air samples were collected and their microbial load (bacteria and fungi) determined. Bacterial isolates were randomly selected for further characterization, particularly identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and polymerase chain reaction screening of extended-spectrum b-lactamases, carbapenemase genes and mecA gene, with RAPD profile assessment of positive results of the latter. Findings: A total of 192 samples were collected (LTHU: 86; CH: 106). LTHU showed a statistically significantly higher bacterial load. CH bacteria and fungi loads in inpatient sites were statistically significantly lower than in outpatients or non-patient sites. A total of 164 bacterial isolates were identified (MALDI-TOF: 78; presumptively: 86), the majority belonging to Staphylococcus genus (LTHU: 42; CH: 57). The highest antimicrobial resistance rate was to erythromycin and vancomycin the least, in both settings. Eighteen isolates (11%) were classified as MDR (LTHU: 9; CH: 9), with 7 MDR Staphylococcus isolates (LTHU: 4; CH: 3) presenting mecA. Nine non-MDR Staphylococcus (LTHU: 5; CH: 4) also presented mecA. Conclusion: The current study highlights that healthcare unit indoor air can be an important pool of MDR pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes. Also, LTHUs appear to have poorer air quality than hospitals, as well as supportive areas compared to curative care areas. This may suggest possible yet unknown routes of infection that need to be explored.

Keywords

Infection prevention and control Multidrug resistance Air quality

URI

http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/12810

Citation

Santos-Marques, C., C. Teixeira, R. Pinheiro & et al. (2025). Multidrug resistance assessment of indoor air in Portuguese long-term and acute healthcare settings. Journal of Hospital Infection, 159, 115 - 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2025.02.005