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- Review on hardware-in-the-loop simulation of wave energy converters and power take-offsPublication . Gaspar, José F.; Pinheiro, Rafael F.; Mendes, Mário J.G. C.; Kamarlouei, Mojtaba; Soares, C. GuedesThis paper reviews the state-of-the-art on Hardware-In-The-Loop simulation methodologies and technologies applied in the research field of wave energy converters. It reveals important issues, such as an unclear taxonomy and representations of these methodologies, which are critical for the success of the approach, mostly during the design of experiments and presentation of results. Moreover, a classification approach to these methodologies is not found in the literature. Thus, a generic taxonomical and classification framework is developed to support the review process. This framework is built based on three taxonomic subsystems that the review shows to be effective in organizing the reviewed methodologies: simulated, real and interface subsystems. In particular, the definition of the interface subsystem is key to overcoming the limitations found in the methodological representations. Furthermore, this review borrows the term actionability to this approach to better describe the nuances and gaps between the reviewed case studies. It is found that the different technical implementations are easily organized with the proposed framework, and the results cover a wide range of wave energy converter development phases. Likewise, this review shows opportunities for improvements in the methodology and application to a wider number of new case studies.
- On the μ-analysis and synthesis for uncertain time-delay systems with Padé approximationsPublication . Pinheiro, Rafael Fernades; Colón, DiegoReal problems in control engineering usually involve many uncertainties and delays. In the search for solutions which deal more adequately with these problems, this paper presents contributions to the theory of the -analysis and synthesis applied to uncertain linear fixed time time-delay systems by using Padé approximations. A new necessary and sufficient condition for robust stability for a class of uncertain time-delay systems is presented. From this condition, a novel robust controller synthesis technique is obtained. Furthermore, contributions are presented on the convergence theory of Padé approximations applied to the -theory via parametrized optimization technique. In order to better understand the theory presented and verify the effectiveness of the results, examples and comparisons are proposed. Finally, in the conclusions, new lines of research and application are pointed out.
- Multidrug resistance assessment of indoor air in Portuguese long-term and acute healthcare settingsPublication . Santos-Marques, C.; Teixeira, C.; Pinheiro, R.; Brück, W. M.; Pereira, Sónia Gonçalves; dos Santos Marques, Catarina; Silva Teixeira, Camila; Pinheiro, Rafael; Gonçalves Pereira, SóniaBackground: Knowledge about air as a pool of pathogens and multidrug resistance (MDR) in healthcare units apart from hospitals is scarce. Aim: To investigate these features in a Portuguese long-term healthcare unit (LTHU) and a central hospital (CH). Methods: Air samples were collected and their microbial load (bacteria and fungi) determined. Bacterial isolates were randomly selected for further characterization, particularly identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and polymerase chain reaction screening of extended-spectrum b-lactamases, carbapenemase genes and mecA gene, with RAPD profile assessment of positive results of the latter. Findings: A total of 192 samples were collected (LTHU: 86; CH: 106). LTHU showed a statistically significantly higher bacterial load. CH bacteria and fungi loads in inpatient sites were statistically significantly lower than in outpatients or non-patient sites. A total of 164 bacterial isolates were identified (MALDI-TOF: 78; presumptively: 86), the majority belonging to Staphylococcus genus (LTHU: 42; CH: 57). The highest antimicrobial resistance rate was to erythromycin and vancomycin the least, in both settings. Eighteen isolates (11%) were classified as MDR (LTHU: 9; CH: 9), with 7 MDR Staphylococcus isolates (LTHU: 4; CH: 3) presenting mecA. Nine non-MDR Staphylococcus (LTHU: 5; CH: 4) also presented mecA. Conclusion: The current study highlights that healthcare unit indoor air can be an important pool of MDR pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes. Also, LTHUs appear to have poorer air quality than hospitals, as well as supportive areas compared to curative care areas. This may suggest possible yet unknown routes of infection that need to be explored.