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- Management accounting practices in the Portuguese lodging industryPublication . Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, Conceição; Arroteia, NunoThis paper aims to characterize management accounting techniques at the Portuguese lodging industry, identifying the techniques adopted and the determinants of adopting them and their adequacy for the decision-making process. It is also a purpose to understand the extent to which the industry adopts the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry (USALI). The sample includes 35 hotels, which were analyzed in the years 2009 and 2010. Evidence is found supporting the fact management accounting is a tool incorporated in the daily management practices of hotels and useful to support the decision-making process. The proportion used of traditional management accounting techniques is higher than the proportion of use of contemporary ones. The adoption of these techniques is influenced by the fact of the hotels being subsidiaries of a multinational hotel chain, as well as by their annual turnover. In Portugal, there is a weak use of USALI. It is more used in the large hotels and in hotels with a foreign control. Management accounting supports hotels to improve their performance, thus becoming relevant to analyze management accounting practices used by them, particularly which instruments and techniques. In this context, this study, the first of its kind in Portugal, is justified with the increasing need for accurate and actual information of the accounting practices of the hotels operating in Portugal.
- Gestão de spas: USFRS vs USALI na ótica do apoio à decisãoPublication . Campos, Filipa; Gomes, Conceição; Ferreira, Cátia; Santos, Luís LimaEste estudo tem como objetivo analisar e comparar dois sistemas contabilísticos: o Uniform System of Financial Reporting for Spas (USFRS) e o Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry (USALI) na perspetiva de evidenciar a utilidade de ambos no apoio à decisão. Estes sistemas oferecem demonstrações financeiras e operacionais que auxiliam os gestores e colaboradores a obter informações para tomarem decisões mais eficientes. Os objetivos específicos incluem a análise comparativa das demonstrações operacionais resumo e das demonstrações departamentais, bem como o estabelecimento de relações entre os dois sistemas. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo é qualitativa, utilizando a pesquisa documental para coleta de dados. Para tratamento dos dados foi utilizado o método comparativo. Os resultados destacam as principais diferenças e semelhanças entre o USFRS e o USALI, com foco nas demonstrações operacionais resumo, demonstrações departamentais e rácios. Enquanto o USALI prioriza a seção de alojamento e de alimentação e bebidas, o USFRS apresenta seções mais específicas, como massagem, cuidados com a pele, cabelo e unhas. Além disso, o USFRS favorece os custos variáveis quanto o USALI promove os custos fixos. As contribuições deste estudo permitem auxiliar os gestores na implementação e uso dos sistemas contabilísticos estudados. Assim, os gestores terão a oportunidade de conhecer tanto o USFRS como o USALI, analisando-os individual e comparativamente, o que fornecerá uma visão mais clara e específica do desempenho dos spas, assim como uma melhor perceção do desempenho global de um spa ou departamento de spas, permitindo melhorias na eficácia da gestão das empresas. As limitações deste estudo incluem a escassez de literatura sobre o USFRS, o que representa um desafio para a pesquisa futura.
- Management accounting in Portuguese hotel enterprises : update researchPublication . Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, Conceição; Arroteia, Nuno; Almeida, PauloManagement accounting (MA) techniques have evolved in the recent years in the various companies. We have studied the MA techniques that are currently being used by different types of hotels. The sample includes 61 hotels, which were analyzed between 2010 and 2012. MA is a tool incorporated in the daily management practices of Portuguese hotels. However, we verified that the hotels have different behaviors in this area, which entailed a comprehensive study on the causes of this diversity. We applied the contingency theory to explain our findings, because this theory is based on the premise that the MA techniques are not used equally by all organizations.
- The perception of management accounting in the Portuguese lodging industryPublication . Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, Conceição; Arroteia, Nuno; Almeida, PauloThe perception of management accounting (MA) in the management of Portuguese hotels is a very interesting area of research, because it is important to be aware of the needs of hoteliers. Most hotels have been changing their management, so MA has changed too. A lot of MA techniques are concerned with the preparation of specialized information. MA techniques that are currently being used by different types of Portuguese hotels have been studied, and the importance given to them was investigated. One of the conclusions of the research is that MA techniques are used in Portuguese hotels especially for decision-making. A diversified use of MA in Portuguese hotels was found. However, it should be noted that when the decisions are made with the help of the subordinates, there is a greater use of MA techniques.
- The adoption of USAR: Case study of a microenterprise in the restaurant industryPublication . Campos, Filipa; Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, ConceiçãoThe restaurant industry has evolved positively, recording historical highs in the economy of several countries until 2020, such as Macao (China), Jordan, Spain and Croatia (World Tourism Organisation, 2021). However, academic studies in this sector have not followed this evolution, leaving gaps in the theoretical information available to academics and managers. In addition, given the high fixed costs characteristic of the restaurant industry, the intensive labour (Moser, 2002) and the poor knowledge of managers (Sardo, Serrasqueiro and Alves, 2018, Campos et al., 2022) about administration can influence the success of businesses. Thus, it is urgent to create strategies to help managers make supported decisions; therefore, this study’s objective is to implement the Uniform System of Accounts for Restaurants (USAR) in a restaurant microenterprise in Portugal through a qualitative methodology – Case Study. The most appropriate method is the case study’s unique exploratory type. The authors used several sources of evidence to obtain the results, which underline the importance of the adapted implementation of the USAR to the restaurant reality. Several detailed supporting schedules present in this accounting system were adopted and others were adapted according to the needs of the object of study. This research contributes to the development of information regarding management accounting and the restaurant industry, which until today is poorly developed (Lima Santos et al., 2016, Sardo, Serrasqueiro and Alves, 2018), for instance, the low use of financial indicators and metrics (Heo, 2017); moreover, it is suggested to apply the USAR not only in enterprises with similar dimensions but also in enterprises with different dimensions and characteristics, to generalise the results obtained here.
- USALI adapted to the small independent hotelsPublication . Correia, Henrique; Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, Conceição; Ferreira, Raul RibeiroA set of management accounting techniques has been used by hoteliers in order to aptimize decision making processes by hotel managers, as it is crucial for success on a global scale. Prior studies related to the characterization of management accounting in the lodging industry in several countries have recognized the Uniform System of Accounts on Lodging Industry (USALI) as one of the management accounting techniques. USALI is a powerful management accounting technique in the means that allows the standardization and comparability of information. Nevertheless, USALI has had a higher degree of utilization in the hotel chains given that it is used to support the information processing. It is known that in many countries, including Portugal, corporate structure is composed by micro and small enterprises. Thus the aim of this paper was to understand the contribution of the USALI in the small independent hotels, through of a USALI adjusted. The first step of this study was to analyse the Portuguese case by conducting a survey to obtain data, which has been submitted to a statistical analysis. It was concluded in relation to operating departments, the most frequently used are: "Rooms" and "Food & Beverage" (F&B). It will be necessary to reduce a lot of items and schedules to adapt the USALI for small independent hotels.
- Management accounting practices in the Portuguese lodging industryPublication . Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, Conceição; Arroteia, NunoNowadays it is becoming more notorious the increase in competition within the hotel and lodging industry, thus making more relevant the decision making process for managers, in what concerns the effective use of accounting tools to provide the necessary framework of information for their decisions. This study as the purpose of characterizing management accounting techniques in Portugal, identifying the traditional and contemporary techniques, the use of USALI, if the decision makers are satisfied with the information available, and determine which factors influence the industry to adopt a certain technique.
- The influence of the environmental and organizational factors in the management accounting of the Portuguese hotelsPublication . Gomes, Conceição; Santos, Luís Lima; Arroteia, NunoThis article presents an overview of the development of Management accounting (MA) in Portuguese hospitality industry. So, we have analyzed the MA techniques that are currently being used by different types of hotels. The sample includes 61 hotels, which were analyzed in the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. MA is a tool incorporated in the daily management practices of Portuguese hotels. However, we verified that the hotels have different behaviors in this area, which entailed a comprehensive study on the causes of this diversity. We applied the contingency theory to explain our findings, because this theory is based on the premise that the MA techniques are not used equally by all organizations. The findings indicate that the intensity of competition, perceived environmental uncertainty, decentralization, formalization and standardization influence the MA techniques in a hotel.
- Performance evaluation of small independent hotels through management accounting indicators and ratiosPublication . Casqueira, Nuno; Gomes, Conceição; Santos, Luís Lima; Ferreira, Cátia Malheiros; Ferreira, Raul RibeiroIn order to succeed in a competitive tourism world, several management accounting techniques have been used by hoterliers. Management accounting techniques are connected with the decision-making process. Prior studies related to the characterization of management accounting in the lodging industry in several countries have recognised the ratio and indicators analysis as one of the management accounting techniques. Hotel chains use performance ratios and indicators, because thier management is accordingly with global rules. As in many other European countries, the Portugueses corporate structure directed to the independent hotel managers was conducted to obtain data, and has been submitted to a statistical analysis. In order to characterize the ratios and indicators it was used descritpive statistics. The conclusion shows that despite the importance of some of the operational ratios and indicators they are not being used, which allows some expectations relating to the proposal of a "tableau de bord" adapted to small independent hotels management.
- The relationship between the management accounting techniques and the decision making in Portuguese hotelsPublication . Arroteia, Nuno; Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, ConceiçãoThis study examines the hospitality decision makers’ use of management accounting. The making decisions’ process involves several of steps. It is need accurate information for the hotel managers make a good decision. Management accounting (MA) can provide this kind of information. A lot of MA techniques are concerned with the preparation of specialized information. We have studied the MA techniques that are currently being used by different types of Portuguese hotels, and we relate that with the importance that is given to decision making by hotel managers. The sample includes 61 hotels, which were analyzed between 2010 and 2012. We verified that the hotel managers have different behaviors regarding the use of MA techniques, which depends of their opinion about the utility of management accounting.