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- A avaliação económica no planeamento do recreio florestal - o caso da Mata Nacional de LeiriaPublication . Oliveira, Fernanda Maria FernandesO presente estudo centra-se no tema do recreio florestal, enquadrado num contexto social de crescente procura e num quadro político de multifuncionalidade e de desenvolvimento sustentável da floresta que impõe o seu planeamento eficiente. Contudo, o caráter informal e o acesso livre ao público de grande parte das experiências de recreio florestal coloca alguns entraves à eficiência da atividade de planeamento, uma vez que dificulta a obtenção de dados completos e consistentes que permitam quantificar e qualificar o recreio florestal. Com efeito, apresenta-se difícil perceber qual a sua dimensão (quantidade e diversidade de utilizadores e de usos de recreio), importância (bem estar proporcionado) e valor económico dos bens e serviços disponibilizados, que frequentemente não são transacionados. É neste contexto que se recorre à economia ambiental, nomeadamente ao conceito de eficiência na afetação de recursos de base natural, às medidas de bem-estar e às técnicas de avaliação económica desses recursos e usos implícitos, mesmo os não transacionáveis, como o recreio florestal. Como tal, o principal objectivo desta investigação visa identificar como é que a economia ambiental, por via dos métodos de avaliação económica, poderá contribuir para um planeamento mais eficiente do recreio florestal (...)
- Sustainable tourism practices through the eyes of the tourist: a case study of a tour operatorPublication . Calnaryte, Laura; Oliveira, Fernanda; Eurico, SofiaThis paper main aim is to find out the importance of sustainable tourism practices from a tourist point of view. The research study took place at Back-Roads Touring - a tour operator that specializes in small group touring for senior’s travellers from Australia, New Zealand, USA and Canada. The study had four objectives, however the focus was to find out which tourism practices were the most important to the respondents during a Back-Roads tour and which tourism options the respondents identify as sustainable tourism options. An online questionnaire was used to answer the objectives of the study. In total 1322 clients received an online questionnaire out of which 182 filled in the survey. The results showed that the respondents valued the most ‘small group touring’ and ‘having an experienced tour leader’. Furthermore, the respondents were not seeking for more sustainable tourism practices neither willing to donate money to local charities/non- profit organizations. This finding shows that the clients are content with a current model of a tour, are willing to return, however price and quality will play a key role in a future decision making. Moreover, one of the objectives of this study was to find out if the clients valued sustainable tourism certification. The results showed that the respondents were not aware of the sustainable tourism certification that the company obtained, however slightly over half of the respondents said that the knowledge of the certification had positively influenced them to travel again with the company.
- Colonial imagery in responsible travel advertisement, a critique from a postcolonial perspectivePublication . Höck, Maximilian; Oliveira, Fernanda; Eurico, SofiaThis paper analyses a selection of images used to advertise outbound responsible travel to various destinations in Africa. The analysis shows that in the advertisement of the selected destinations colonial imagery and text contents are emphasised. It is demonstrated that colonial ideology is reproduced in a binary representation model of the "self" and the "other" supporting not only the criticised powerful creation of knowledge about the Global South but also restores racism as an ideology of dominance. In order to uncover this condition, the text content is dissected by means of a framing analysis and a qualitative content analysis. The images are deconstructed through semiotics and thus evaluated with regard to findings of postcolonial theory. It becomes apparent that contemporary outbound responsible travel agencies continue colonial ideas and power relations through their advertisement. It is thus determined that there is a gap between the declared aims of responsible tourism agencies and the singleperspective and derogatory meanings the advertising images carry. Accordingly, recommendations for DMOs (Destination Management Organisations) and decision makers that are involved in the promotion of global travel are developed.
- The tourism distribution in Portugal and Spain: An approach to its performance evaluationPublication . Oliveira, Fernanda; Gomes, ConceiçãoThis study aims to strengthen knowledge about the tourism distribution system, using the calculation and analysis of indicators and financial ratios, as part of this sector companies’ performance evaluation. In this case, return on equity (ROE) was used as this ratio measures how effectively management is using shareholders’ investment to create profits. Using the Dupont model, the main objective is to identify which financial factors influence travel company’s ROE from the shareholder viewpoint (Lopes et al., 2014; Pratt, 2011, Rodrigues and Simões, 2008). To this end, an Iberian study involving 7528 travel companies (travel agencies, tour operators and other reservation services and related activities) was conducted. The ROE was calculated for the years 2007 and 2017 for 2065 Portuguese companies and 5463 Spanish. The ROE calculation in those two years identifies an increase of 5 p.p. for Portugal and 11 p.p. for Spain. In Spain, the Tour Operators sub-sector is the one with the highest ROE increase in 2017 (15p.p. between 2007 and 2017), while in Portugal it is the Travel Agencies subsector (5p.p.). This increase in ROE in 2017 is positively determined by net income after taxes and earnings before taxes and interest (EBIT) in both countries. Moreover, in Spain, this ratio also has a positive influence of turnover and headcount. Thus, Portugal and Spain reveal two different realities in this highly competitiveness sector. What lessons can be drawn from these two countries reality? What should managers do to be proactive regarding the issues which influence performance evaluation?
- Manual de boas práticas e sustentabilidade no turismoPublication . Almeida, Paulo; Eurico, Sofia; Almeida, Sérgio; Oliveira, Fernanda; Jorge, João Paulo; Ramos, Dulcineia; Oliveira, Verónica; Simões, Ana Raquel; Borges, Patrícia; Malheiros, Cátia; Caetano, Marta; Amorim, Daniela; Viana, Ana Sofia; Coelho, Júlio; Sousa, Ana Elisa; Lourenço, Paulo; Rafael, Célia; Almeida, Nuno; Fonseca, Júlia; Schön, Michael; Martins, Rui; Dias, Francisco; Cardoso, Lucília; Mendes, Alexandra; Bento, Carla; Elias-Almeida, Anabela; Varela, Luciana; Varela, Jorge; Santos, Luís Lima; Gomes, Conceição; Brasão, Inês; Baptista, Pedro
- O Ecoturismo como fator de Desenvolvimento na Guiné-Bissau: Uma Estratégia de Cooperação InstitucionalPublication . Oliveira, Fernanda; Rego, Bruno; Barreto, Antónia; Santos, FilipeO Instituto Politécnico de Leiria tem vindo a participar em projetos que se enquadram na cooperação descentralizada com os “países do sul”, procurando partilhar as suas competências em áreas tão diversas como o turismo, novas tecnologias e ensino/formação. Por outro lado, estes projetos permitem ao Instituto adquirir know-how no âmbito da intervenção para o desenvolvimento. Um dos projetos onde o Instituto foi chamado a intervir concerne na criação de uma nova oferta de ecoturismo na Guiné-Bissau, dinamizada por uma guineense, assente num paradigma de desenvolvimento alicerçado no envolvimento direto das comunidades locais e na otimização dos recursos naturais e culturais. Este projeto envolveu numa primeira fase a criação de um conjunto de infraestruturas e serviços de cariz turístico que foi posteriormente complementada com atuações a nível da formação das comunidades locais e também no campo da divulgação e promoção. Este artigo foca as mais-valias institucionais deste tipo de parceria analisando o contributo do IPL na identificação e criação dos instrumentos de divulgação que melhor se ajustam a projetos de ecoturismo numa perspetiva empresarial, educacional e cooperativa. Para o efeito é descrita a estratégia seguida, e que vai ao encontro da missão institucional do ensino politécnico uma vez que se optou por envolver os alunos dos cursos diretamente relacionados (turismo e educação multimédia), promovendo paradigmas de ensino contextualizado e significativo. O resultado deste envolvimento culminou no website EcoCantanhez, fruto de um trabalho articulado entre os alunos das duas áreas de ensino supra mencionadas: aos de Turismo foi pedido um estudo de mercado mundial no que diz respeito a websites de promoção deste tipo de turismo, procurando encontrar e reunir boas práticas; aos de Educação Multimédia foi solicitado um plano estratégico de comunicação adaptado às características específicas do projeto e que estabelece neste primeiro momento a potenciação e divulgação do mesmo.
- Planning forest recreation: environmental economic instruments and the public participationPublication . Oliveira, F.; Pintassilgo, P.; Mendes, I.; Silva, J. A.In Portugal there is a growing demand for natural areas that provide a wide range of outdoor recreation. This paper focuses on the particular case of the Mata Nacional de Leiria (Leiria National Forest). This is a pine tree forest with 11,000 hectares and eight centuries of history. It has always been a public forest with open access to everyone, a fact that contributes to different kinds of use and benefits (walking, cycling, picnics, collecting firewood, fruits and berries, and other recreation activities). The proximity to a major urban and industrial centre, on one hand, and to a very popular beach coast, on the other, makes this a resource that is widely used by both residents and visitors. In the future there is the possibility of implementing a set of actions to improve forest amenities and recreation, and later the emergence of environmental tourism activities and equipment. In this context, we want to know the economic valuation that actual users attach to these recreation improvements, but also realize their preferences and opinions regarding this project. For this purpose we designed, tested and applied a double bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation questionnaire. The results presented in this paper focus on responses to attitudinal and follow-up questions. More than 70% of respondents have positively assessed the proposed improvements to the study area and about 40% enhanced their personal opinion on the type of interventions that they consider most appropriate. Answers focus the priority areas of intervention in the Mata Nacional de Leiria, the main concerns in its development, the type of actions that should (and should not) be implemented, respondents willingness to actively take part and, also, what the public authorities' role should be. At this stage, where Mata Nacional de Leiria is being considered in terms of future recreation and tourism offers, the results obtained provide important contributions and enhance the contingent valuation survey as a tool to support recreation planning, promoting public participation and the political decision-making process.
- Tourism as a tool of community development: an ecotourism project in Cantanhez, Guinea-BissauPublication . Oliveira, F.; Silva, F.In recent decades the scientific community and various international organizations have provided a range of guidelines towards the development of more sustainable tourism. The responsible use of natural and cultural resources and the participation of local communities - with the involvement of the different actors in the development process - are inseparable aspects of sustainability's concept. However, when we try to put it into practice it appears that this is a very slow process, with many aspects that must be considered, especially in the case of underdeveloped regions. This paper focuses precisely on one of these regions - Cantanhez National Park, Guinea Bissau. This region has natural and cultural resources that are real treasures, which enhance the environmental and green forms of tourism; however, the structural problems of the country can be a real challenge to any type of initiative. The purpose of this communication is to present the ecotourism project in Cantanhez National Park, identifying the objectives, the first stages of the project implementation, the difficulties arising from the social, economic and political situation of the country and finally, its relevance in promoting community development. The realities that will be shared in this paper resulted from an initial visit to identify the needs of tourism planning, management and training in the communities directly involved.