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Browsing CARME - Artigos by Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) "12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis"
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- Agglomeration Externalities in National Systems of Innovation: The Role of Industrial Diversity and Competition on Countries’ Innovative LevelsPublication . Duarte, Marcelo Pereira; Carvalho, Fernando Manuel Pereira de Oliveira; Ferreira, Manuel; Ferreira, Manuel PortugalEconomic geographers, industrial economists and innovation scholars have long debated the impact of agglomeration externalities on innovation, often with conflicting results. We argue that rather than focusing on which agglomeration externality most influences innovation, we should gain a deeper understanding of how agglomeration externalities influence innovation. Drawing on the concept of national systems of innovation (NSI), we examine the role of industrial diversity and domestic competition as contingency factors that affect the relationship between national innovation inputs and outputs. Using secondary data from 86 countries, we developed interaction models, and our findings indicate that industrial diversity positively influences the relationship between innovation inputs and outputs. Additionally, we found that the relationship between innovation inputs and outputs is strengthened at higher levels of diversity and competition. Also, the positive effects of institutions on innovation outputs increase with high industrial diversity and medium to high domestic competition. Similarly, the positive marginal effect of human capital and research on innovation outputs is strengthened by increasing industrial diversity, although a medium-low level of competition can undermine this effect. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on agglomeration externalities and the NSI literature by highlighting the role of industrial diversity and competition in shaping national innovation outcomes.
- Are Climate Change Strategies Effective in Managing Urban Water Resources? The Case of PortugalPublication . Santos, EleonoraThis study examines the relationship between climate mitigation, adaptation strategies, and water management practices in Portugal from 2015 to 2021. Utilizing climate and water resource data from 2015 to 2021, including meteorological data (emperature, rainfall), wastewater treatment volumes, and energy efficiency metrics, the data are sourced from national agencies such as IPMA, ERSAR, APA, and Eurostat. The methodology employs correlation analysis to assess the relationships between climate variables (e.g., temperature, rainfall) and water resource indicators (e.g., reclaimed wastewater, energy efficiency). Despite notable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and improvements in wastewater treatment efficiency, water resource stability remains a complex issue, particularly with regional disparities such as severe droughts in the Algarve. Additionally, the study evaluates the effectiveness of rainwater harvesting systems, reclaimed wastewater, and infiltration facilities, revealing a decline in reclaimed wastewater efficiency despite increased wastewater treatment. Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSs) offer resilience, but their broader adoption is hindered by high costs and public perception challenges. Key recommendations include the development of resilient infrastructure, enhanced support for reclaimed water use, and increased investment in research to address water management challenges amid climate variability.
- Beyond Leakage: Non-Revenue Water Loss and Economic SustainabilityPublication . Santos, EleonoraWater loss in urban supply systems poses significant challenges for water utility companies worldwide, affecting both sustainable access to clean water and the financial viability of utility operations. This study analyzes the evolution of water losses in high-level supply systems from 2017 to 2021 in Portugal, focusing on its implications for the profitability of water utility companies across NUTs II regions. Drawing on data from various sources, including the National Information System for Water Resources, PORDATA, ERSAR, and ORBIS, this analysis identifies trends, patterns, and potential factors influencing water loss dynamics. Key components of the analysis include calculating average annual losses, examining unbilled water percentages, and conducting regression analysis to quantify the impact of water loss on profit margins. The findings contribute to the literature on water loss management and financial performance in the water utility sector, offering insights for policymakers, water utility managers, and stakeholders to enhance financial sustainability and reduce water losses.
- Building brand emotional connections with eco-efficient packaging: Exploring the role of utilitarian, symbolic, and hedonic benefitsPublication . Crespo, Cátia Fernandes; Silva, Tânia; Rijo, SusanaGrowing environmental concerns have triggered the appearance of a growing number of eco-efficient goods. However, although there are several studies on consumer attitudes towards packaging design elements, research evaluating the effect of sustainable packaging on consumer decisions is relatively scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate how a brand’s implementation of eco-efficient packaging influences consumer behaviour. We examine how a brand’s strategic implementation of an eco-efficient packaging influences brand emotional attachment through consu- mer’s perceptions of utilitarian, symbolic, and hedonic benefits, and its ultimate effect on purchase intention. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses. Based on a sample of 305 respondents, it was found that the utilitarian benefits perceived by consumers do not positively influence brand emotional attachment. On the contrary, results show the existence of a positive influence between the symbolic and hedonic benefits perceived by consumers and brand emotional attachment, as well as between brand emotional attachment and consumer purchase intention of products with eco-efficient packaging.
- Changing the sails to survive the storm: Strategies that foster international business model innovation during a crisisPublication . Crespo, Nuno Fernandes; Crespo, Cátia Fernandes; Silva, Graça; Barros, BeatrizPersisting global crises, such as COVID-19, pose significant challenges for international companies. The increase in uncertainty and instability in foreign markets has profoundly affected firms’ strategic decisions, forcing them to adapt to dynamic conditions in order to maintain or improve their international performance. Grounded in the dynamic capabilities view, this study examines how exploration and exploitation strategies drive international business model innovation, ultimately affecting international performance and expectations concerning crisis survival during the COVID-19 crisis. Utilizing survey data from 1455 internationalized companies, we use structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses. The results show that, although both exploration and exploitation strategies foster international business model innovation, exploration has a stronger effect than exploitation. The results further emphasize that international business model innovation has a positive impact not only on the expectation of crisis survival but also on the international performance.
- Data-driven decisions: Artificial intelligence-based experimental validation of ocean ecosystem services scalePublication . Figueiredo, Ronnie; Cabral, PedroSeveral studies address the main topic of research, ecosystem services. It is also proven that decision-making in organizations generally involves a decision-maker, who assumes internal responsibility for the results. However, when the decision is collective, we need to think about the context of governance. How can we increase the sustainable decisions of ocean ecosystem services governance? When this decision is applied to ocean ecosystem services, in particular, we need a parameter. Therefore, the proposed scale is an initial guide for support key decision-makers decisions on the governance of ocean services ecosystems. The scale proposal with validation through classical linear regression, and supported by an artificial neural network, demonstrates the main variables that influence the decision and contribute to possible risk mitigations in terms of decisions.
- Determinants of default prediction of the tourism sector: the case of Portuguese SMEsPublication . Lisboa, Inês; Costa, Magali; Vouga, BeatrizThis study intends to understand the determinants of default of tourism SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises), i.e., which aspects impact the probability that the company will not comply with its financial obligations. For this purpose, a panel data composed from a sample of 3,945 Portuguese SMEs, over ten years, was analysed. An ex-ante criterion (based on a set of financial ratios) was used to classify firms in default or compliant. This criterion helps to detect financial problems early. Then, in addition to the firm’s specific characteristics, which are the most used determinants, governance variables and macroeconomic factors were analysed in the firm's default prediction logit model. Results prove that the three groups of determinants are relevant to explain firms’ financial difficulties probability. The proposed model presents a success rate (predictive ability to classify as compliant and default) of around 80%. Furthermore, as a test of the robustness of the results, the sample period was divided into two subperiods (2010 to 2014 and 2015 to 2019) with different investment rates in the sector, allowing the conclusion that what determines the default of SMEs in the Portuguese tourism sector depends on the period analysed.
- O efeito do greenwashing no consumo ético mediado pela confusão verde e pelo ódio à marcaPublication . Santos, Célia; Coelho, Arnaldo; Marques, AlziraO greenwashing verifica-se quando as empresas enganam os consumidores quanto às suas práticas ambientais ou benefícios dos seus produtos/serviços. Esta investigação centra-se nos impactos dessas práticas no consumo ético e analisa como a confusão verde e o ódio à marca atuam como mediadores nessa relação. Baseado em informações recolhidas por meio de questionário aplicado numa amostra de 420 consumidores portugueses, foi realizado estudo confirmatório, quantitativo e transversal (ou de corte único). A análise foi conduzida através de um modelo de equações estruturais com o software SmartPLS. Os resultados sugerem que o greenwashing aumenta a confusão verde entre os consumidores, dificultando a correta interpretação de aspetos ambientais de um produto/serviço. Além disso, o greenwashing gera emoções negativas extremas, como o ódio à marca. Os resultados também demostram que os consumidores, quando percecionam práticas de greenwashing por parte de uma empresa/marca tendem a deixar de comprar os seus produtos/serviços, optando por alternativas mais éticas e responsáveis. Foi estabelecida relação positiva direta e indireta entre greenwashing e consumo ético. Esta investigação avança o estado da arte, que carece de estudos relacionados com as consequências das práticas de greenwashing e elucida as empresas da necessidade de eliminar essas atividades enganadoras e irresponsáveis. Limitações e oportunidades de estudo futuras são abordadas.
- The Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Brand Equity: A Cross Cultural ComparisonPublication . Crespo, Cátia Fernandes; Ribeiro, Fábio Matos; Ferreira, Alcina Gaspar; Popa, VictorCelebrity endorsement has become a popular advertising strategy on a global scale. However, although responses to celebrity endorsement are considered to diverge across cultures, cross-cultural research on celebrity endorsement as an advertising strategy is argued to be scarce. The purpose of this research is to extend the current literature by examining cross-cultural similarities and differences in celebrity endorsement effectiveness. We investigate the impact of celebrity endorsement strategies on brand image and brand identification and how these factors, in turn, influence brand equity, across markets. Data were collected through an online survey addressed to two markets: Portugal, and Moldova. A total of 365 valid answers were obtained, 195 from the Portuguese market, and 170 from the Moldovan market. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that the attitude toward the celebrity endorser has a significantly positive effect on brand image and a significantly positive effect on brand identification, only in the Moldovan market. In both markets, brand image and brand identification positively influence brand equity.
- Every cloud has a silver lining: The role of business digitalization and early internationalization strategies to overcome cloudy timesPublication . Crespo, Cátia Fernandes; Silva, Graça MirandaIn this research we explore, building on dynamic capabilities, the influence that certain strategies followed by international new ventures (INVs) have on their responses to the COVID-19 crisis. Specifically, we access the effect of business digitalization, early internationalization and internet international strategy on two possible responses to the crisis. Through the data gathered by a survey of 153 INVs, we were able to test the hypothesized framework using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. We find that all the hypothesized relationships were confirmed. Therefore, business digitalization strategy, early internationalization strategy and internet international strategy have a positive effect of both responses to the crisis: production recovery (short-term response) and digital transformation (long-term response). This study provides two insightful contributes to the international entrepreneurship field: i) these three strategies (business digitalization, early internationalization and internet international focus) incorporate dynamic capabilities that give INVs ad- vantages in reacting to a crisis; and ii) faced with a crisis situation, INVs simultaneously implement short-term and long-term responses.