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Sequential extraction of oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa leaves by green pressurized solvents

2025-12-22Journal article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorBotelho, José Rafael S.
dc.contributor.authorGaspar, Marisa C.
dc.contributor.authorSousa, Hermínio J.C. de
dc.contributor.authorBraga, Mara E.M.
dc.contributor.editorFreire, M.
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-03T15:17:00Z
dc.date.available2025-11-03T15:17:00Z
dc.date.issued2025-12-22
dc.descriptionArticle number - 134679
dc.description.abstractUncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw) is a woody climbing vine known for its therapeutic effects, which have been validated in clinical trials. The leaves, often discarded in traditional uses, contain high quantities and a wide variety of oxindole alkaloids, such as rhynchophylline (Rhy), isomytraphylline (Imyt), or mitraphylline (Myt), with Myt typically being the major alkaloid found in extracts of this species. In this study, sequential extraction in two steps was employed to recover oxindole alkaloids. In the first step, pressurized liquid acetone was used, extracting approximately 17 % of the raw material mass, with no detectable alkaloids in the extract. In the second step, CO2-expanded liquid ethanol (25 % w/w) was used under varying temperature, pressure, and solvent density conditions. Extracts enriched with the oxindole alkaloids Rhy, Imyt, and Myt were obtained from the 2nd step extraction, with ratios ranging from 39:61 to 62:38 (Rhy:Myt + Imyt). These extracts demonstrated significant inhibition of lipoxygenase (up to 95 %) and acetylcholinesterase, indicating potential anti-inflammatory and neurological applications. Moreover, these effects were positively correlated with the proportion of Rhy relative to Myt + Imyt. Based on the alkaloid content and the observed potential bioactivities, optimized parameters, robustness and process stability were assessed using deterministic and stochastic statistical methods to maximise Rhy and minimise Imyt and Myt. Finally, this study presents the development and optimization of a robust process to obtain extracts with anti-inflammatory and neurological potential, adding value to U. tomentosa leaves and promoting the sustainable use of this plant as a raw material.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work had financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal), through the Strategic Project FCT-MEC Doi: 10.54499/UIDB/00102/2020 and Programmatic Project Doi: 10.544 99/UIDP/00102/2020 of the Centre Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability (CERES), and through ciTechCare (UIDB/05704/2020 and UIDP/05704/2020). J.R.S. Botelho acknowledges CNPq–Brazil for a PhD fellowship 203210/2014-0-GDE and M.C. Gaspar thanks FCT for the financial support under the Scientific Employment Stimulus (CEECINST/00060/2021).
dc.identifier.citationJosé Rafael S. Botelho, Marisa C. Gaspar, Hermínio J.C. de Sousa, Mara E.M. Braga, Sequential extraction of oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa leaves by green pressurized solvents, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 378, Part 2, 2025, 134679, ISSN 1383-5866, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134679.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134679
dc.identifier.eissn1873-3794
dc.identifier.issn1383-5866
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/14470
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relationChemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre
dc.relationCenter for Innovative Care and Health Technology
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586625032769
dc.relation.ispartofSeparation and Purification Technology
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectAnti-inflammatory
dc.subjectBayesian optimization
dc.subjectOxindole alkaloid
dc.subjectPressurized fluid extraction
dc.subjectProcess optimization
dc.subjectUncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) leaves
dc.titleSequential extraction of oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa leaves by green pressurized solventseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleChemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre
oaire.awardTitleCenter for Innovative Care and Health Technology
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F00102%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F05704%2F2020/PT
oaire.citation.titleSeparation and Purification Technology
oaire.citation.volume378, Part 2
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameda Costa Gaspar
person.givenNameMarisa
person.identifier.ciencia-idA71E-6EFA-80FE
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-5584-6324
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55969188500
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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