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Effect of Preventive Exercise Programs for Swimmer’s Shoulder Injury on Rotator Cuff Torque and Balance in Competitive Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2025-03-01Journal article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg17:Parcerias para a Implementação dos Objetivos
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
datacite.subject.sdg09:Indústria, Inovação e Infraestruturas
dc.contributor.authorTavares, Nuno
dc.contributor.authorVilas-Boas, João Paulo
dc.contributor.authorCastro, Maria António
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-15T15:30:42Z
dc.date.available2025-09-15T15:30:42Z
dc.date.issued2025-03-01
dc.descriptionThis article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle-Tendon Complex: Performance, Injury Prevention, Epidemiology and Rehabilitation
dc.descriptionThe following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/healthcare13050538/s1, Table S1: CONSORT 2010 checklist for a randomized controlled trial.
dc.descriptionArticle number - 538
dc.description.abstractBackground: Over the season, competitive swimmers experience a progressive imbalance in rotator cuff strength, predisposing them to a significant risk factor for a swimmer’s shoulder injury. Objectives: Verify the effectiveness of two 12-week preventive programs on the shoulder rotators’ peak torque and conventional/functional ratios. Design: A care provider- and participant-blinded, parallel, randomized controlled trial with three groups. Participants: Competitive swimmers aged 16 to 35 years with no prior clinical issues related to their shoulders. Interventions: Twice a week, over 12 weeks, the two experimental groups performed five exercises where the only difference was executing the program with weights or elastic bands, and the control group performed a sham intervention. Main outcome measures: The concentric and eccentric peak torque of the internal and external rotators of the dominant shoulder were assessed before and after the intervention using an isokinetic dynamometer Biodex System 3, at 60°/s, 120°/s, and 180°/s. Results: Among the experimental groups, only one test indicated a reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in rotator peak torque, while the control group showed a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in five tests. Swimmers who completed the prevention programs demonstrated less imbalance in conventional/functional ratios than controls. Conclusions: Implementing a 12-week preventive program minimizes the progressive shoulder rotational imbalance over the season in competitive swimmers. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT06552585.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipResearchers acknowledge the sponsor of FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under the project UIDB/00285/2020 and LA/P/0112/2020. The CIFI2D research unit received funding through the reference UIDB/05913/2020, with the DOI 10.54499/UIDB/05913/2020.
dc.identifier.citationTavares, N.; Vilas-Boas, J.P.; Castro, M.A. Effect of Preventive Exercise Programs for Swimmer’s Shoulder Injury on Rotator Cuff Torque and Balance in Competitive Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare 2025, 13, 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13050538
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/healthcare13050538
dc.identifier.issn2227-9032
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/14068
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationCentre for Mechanical Enginnering, Materials and Processes
dc.relationAdvanced Production and Intelligent Systems
dc.relationCenter of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/13/5/538
dc.relation.ispartofHealthcare
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectInjury prevention
dc.subjectElastic band program
dc.subjectPreventive medicine
dc.subjectRotator cuff
dc.subjectSwimmer’s shoulder injury
dc.subjectWeight program
dc.titleEffect of Preventive Exercise Programs for Swimmer’s Shoulder Injury on Rotator Cuff Torque and Balance in Competitive Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Trialeng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Mechanical Enginnering, Materials and Processes
oaire.awardTitleAdvanced Production and Intelligent Systems
oaire.awardTitleCenter of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F00285%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0112%2F2020/PT
oaire.awardURIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/14067
oaire.citation.issue5
oaire.citation.titleHealthcare
oaire.citation.volume13
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStreamConcurso de avaliação no âmbito do Programa Plurianual de Financiamento de Unidades de I&D (2017/2018) - Financiamento Base
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameCastro
person.givenNameMaria António
person.identifier851910
person.identifier.ciencia-id3914-A4F3-5395
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1500-355X
person.identifier.ridK-7369-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55195135300
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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relation.isProjectOfPublication0a3418ca-35b9-4670-a826-154cceca5a89
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