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- Biofabrication for osteochondral tissue regeneration: bioink printability requirementsPublication . Abdulghani, Saba; Morouço, Pedro G.Biofabrication allows the formation of 3D scaffolds through a precise spatial control. This is of foremost importance when aiming to mimic heterogeneous and anisotropic architecture, such as that of the osteochondral tissue. Osteochondral defects are a supreme challenge for tissue engineering due to the compositional and structural complexity of stratified architecture and contrasting biomechanical properties of the cartilage-bone interface. This review highlights the advancements and retreats witnessed by using developed bioinks for tissue regeneration, taking osteochondral tissue as a challenging example. Methods, materials and requirements for bioprinting were discussed, highlighting the pre and post-processing factors that researchers should consider towards the development of a clinical treatment.
- Tools to define and evaluate morphology mapping, a route to complex structures using direct digital manufacturingPublication . Pinheiro, João; Abdulghani Oliveira da Silva, Saba; Pascoal-Faria, Paula; Sousa, Dora; Carreira, Pedro; Viana, Tânia; Kamma-Lorger, Christina S.; Mitchell, GeoffreyDirect Digital Manufacturing is a new set of technologies which allow objects to be printed directly from a digital definition. Such technologies allow us to manufacture any self-supporting shape, but simply replicating shape is not sufficient for the production of many parts especially those with specific function. We need to be able to generate complex multiscale structures similar to those we observe in nature. Direct digital manufacturing can be seen as method for achieving this, as we can deposit materials with different compositions and different structures in selected volumes and thereby generate a complex structure. This manuscript addresses the challenges of achieving this concept and the tools needed to characterize the parts produced and the variation in the composition and structure. We conclude by discussing how we might design such complex parts.