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Browsing CDRsp - Capítulos de livros by Subject "Bioprinting"
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- Natural polymers for bone repairPublication . Rodríguez, GB Ramírez; Patrício, TMF; López, JM DelgadoThe substitution of tissues due to tumors, pathologies, or traumatic accidents is well known, and different surgical branches perform these kinds of surgeries on a daily basis with relative ease. The substitution of bone tissue is especially relevant as it contributes to the structural stability of the body. Bone tissue is composed of an organic matrix, a mineral component, and water in approximately similar volumes. The combination of these elements forms a composite material with different hierarchical levels in its microstructure. The reproduction of this highly hierarchical structure is still not possible. Historically, articular prostheses have been made of metallic materials due to the high mechanical tensions that they suffer once implanted, as well as good fatigue resistance and tenacity. Lately, the use of polymeric materials has attracted a great deal of attention. On the other hand, the choice of a material for the filling of bone defects or bone cavities is greater, ranging from biodegradable polymers to calcium phosphate cements and ceramics. The role of polymers in bone substitution is relevant but limited to a few applications, such as articulating bearing surfaces of joint replacements, both hip and knee, and as interpositional cementing material between the implant surface and the bone. In the first application, the ultimate choice is ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, and in the second application the most used polymer is poly(methyl methacrylate). The use of biodegradable polymers has grown significantly in applications dealing with support structures needed for normal movements of articulating joints. In this chapter, the most used polymers in orthopedic applications will be described. Special emphasis will be given to their physical and chemical properties.
- Tailoring Bioengineered Scaffolds for Regenerative MedicinePublication . Amado, Sandra; Morouço, Pedro; Pascoal-Faria, Paula; Alves, NunoThe vision to unravel and develop biological healing mechanisms based on evolving molecular and cellular technologies has led to a worldwide scientific endeavor to establish regenerative medicine. This is a multidisciplinary field that involves basic and preclinical research and development on the repair, replacement, and regrowth or regeneration of cells, tissues, or organs in both diseases (congenital or acquired) and traumas. A total of over 63,000 patients were officially placed on organs’ waiting lists on 31 December 2013 in the European Union (European Commission, 2014). Tissue engineering and regen erative medicine have emerged as promising fields to achieve proper solutions for these concerns. However, we are far from having patient-specific tissue engineering scaffolds that mimic the native tissue regarding both structure and function. The proposed chapter is a qualitative review over the biomaterials, processes, and scaffold designs for tailored bioprinting. Relevant literature on bioengineered scaffolds for regenerative medicine will be updated. It is well known that mechanical properties play significant effects on bio logic behavior which highlight the importance of an extensively discussion on tailoring biomechanical properties for bioengineered scaffolds. The following topics will be dis cussed: scaffold design, biomaterials and scaffolds bioactivity, biofabrication processes, scaffolds biodegradability, and cell viability. Moreover, new insights will be pointed out.