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Avaliação do potencial biotecnológico da planta halófita funcho-do-mar (Crithmum maritimum): análise da bioatividade e perfil nutricional
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Abstract(s)
As halófitas são plantas tolerantes ao sal, que representam 1% das espécies globais. Apesar de subvalorizadas, têm potencial nutricional e medicinal, e contribuem para a preservação da água doce. Crithmum maritimum L. ou funcho-do-mar, é uma planta halófita perene que possui características suculentas e um forte aroma proveniente dos óleos essenciais, sendo amplamente utilizada nas indústrias alimentar, farmacêutica e cosmética. De forma a avaliar o potencial biotecnológico do funcho-do-mar, foram determinados os teores de humidade, matéria inorgânica, proteína, lípidos e hidratos de carbono, assim como o perfil de ácidos gordos, e o conteúdo em pigmentos, das folhas, flores e frutos desta halófita. Para a análise do teor de compostos fenólicos e avaliação da bioatividade, prepararam-se extratos de éter de petróleo, acetona, etanol, etanol:água (1:1) e água das várias partes da planta. O teor de fenóis totais e a atividade antioxidante foram determinados pelos métodos do conteúdo fenólico total (TPC), capacidade de redução do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazilo (DPPH), poder de redução do Fe (III) (FRAP) e capacidade de redução do radical ácido 2,2’-azino-bis- (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico (ABTS). Os extratos foram analisados por cromatografia em camada fina. A atividade antimicrobiana foi também avaliada através da determinação da concentração mínima inibitória (MIC), concentração mínima bactericida (MBC) e concentração mínima fungicida (MFC). Relativamente à composição nutricional, as folhas demonstraram maior conteúdo de humidade (88,4% PF) e matéria inorgânica (24,9% PS), as flores apresentaram maior teor de proteína (8,3% PS) e hidratos de carbono (71,7% PS) e os frutos demonstraram maior quantidade de lípidos (6,5% PS). No que diz respeito ao perfil de ácidos gordos, enquanto os ácidos gordos polinsaturados (PUFA) são a classe mais abundante nas folhas e flores, sendo o ácido linoleico (C18:2 n-6) o principal constituinte, nos frutos destacam-se os ácidos gordos monoinsaturados (MUFA), em especial o ácido oleico (C18:1 n-9). Em termos de pigmentos, as folhas possuíram maior concentração de clorofilas (1092,3 μg/g PS) e carotenoides (258,0 μg/g PS), destacando-se a clorofila a (855,8 μg/g PS) como o pigmento mais abundante em todas as partes da planta. Os extratos de flores, principalmente o etanólico e o hidroetanólico, foram os que revelaram um teor de fenóis totais mais elevado e maior atividade antioxidante. A extração sequencial originou extratos com composições químicas variadas, influenciadas pela polaridade dos solventes, revelando diferenças e semelhanças entre extratos da mesma parte. Foram ainda identificadas propriedades antimicrobianas contra Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o potencial biotecnológico e contribuem para a caraterização das folhas, flores e frutos da halófita C. maritimum, principalmente em relação à sua composição nutricional e bioatividade, destacando a sua aplicação na indústria alimentar, através da adição de nutrientes na gastronomia e possível conservação da frescura de produtos alimentares.
Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants that represent 1% of global species. Although undervalued, they have nutritional and medicinal potential, and contribute to the preservation of fresh water. Crithmum maritimum L., or sea fennel, is a perennial halophytic plant with succulent characteristics and a strong fragrance due to its essential oils, being widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In order to assess the biotechnological potential of sea fennel, the moisture, inorganic matter, protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents, as well as the fatty acid profile and pigment content of the leaves, flowers and fruits of this halophyte were determined. To analyze the content of phenolic compounds and assess bioactivity, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, ethanol:water (1:1) and water extracts were prepared from the various parts of the plant. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined using the total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical reducing capacity (DPPH), Fe (III) reducing power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical reducing capacity (ABTS) methods. Extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The antimicrobial activity was also assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). In terms of nutritional composition, the leaves showed a higher content of moisture (88,4% FW) and inorganic matter (24,9% DW), the flowers had a higher protein (8,3% DW) and carbohydrate content (71,7% DW) and the fruit showed a higher amount of lipids (6,5% DW). Regarding the fatty acid profile, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are the most abundant class in the leaves and flowers, with linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) being the main constituent, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) stand out in the fruits, especially oleic acid (C18:1 n-9). In terms of pigments, the leaves had a higher concentration of chlorophylls (1092,3 μg/g DW) and carotenoids (258,0 μg/g DW), with chlorophyll a being the most abundant pigment (855,8 μg/g DW) in all parts of the plant. The flower extracts, especially the ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts, showed the highest total phenolic content and the greatest antioxidant activity. Sequential extraction resulted in extracts with varying chemical compositions, influenced by the polarity of the solvents, revealing differences and similarities between extracts of the same part. Antimicrobial properties were also identified against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, K. phaffii (Pichia pastoris) and S. cerevisiae. The results obtained confirm the biotechnological potential and contribute to the characterization of the leaves, flowers and fruits of the halophyte C. maritimum, mainly in relation to its nutritional composition and bioactivities, highlighting its application in the food industry, through the addition of nutrients in gastronomy and possible freshness preservation of food products.
Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants that represent 1% of global species. Although undervalued, they have nutritional and medicinal potential, and contribute to the preservation of fresh water. Crithmum maritimum L., or sea fennel, is a perennial halophytic plant with succulent characteristics and a strong fragrance due to its essential oils, being widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In order to assess the biotechnological potential of sea fennel, the moisture, inorganic matter, protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents, as well as the fatty acid profile and pigment content of the leaves, flowers and fruits of this halophyte were determined. To analyze the content of phenolic compounds and assess bioactivity, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, ethanol:water (1:1) and water extracts were prepared from the various parts of the plant. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined using the total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical reducing capacity (DPPH), Fe (III) reducing power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical reducing capacity (ABTS) methods. Extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The antimicrobial activity was also assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). In terms of nutritional composition, the leaves showed a higher content of moisture (88,4% FW) and inorganic matter (24,9% DW), the flowers had a higher protein (8,3% DW) and carbohydrate content (71,7% DW) and the fruit showed a higher amount of lipids (6,5% DW). Regarding the fatty acid profile, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are the most abundant class in the leaves and flowers, with linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) being the main constituent, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) stand out in the fruits, especially oleic acid (C18:1 n-9). In terms of pigments, the leaves had a higher concentration of chlorophylls (1092,3 μg/g DW) and carotenoids (258,0 μg/g DW), with chlorophyll a being the most abundant pigment (855,8 μg/g DW) in all parts of the plant. The flower extracts, especially the ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts, showed the highest total phenolic content and the greatest antioxidant activity. Sequential extraction resulted in extracts with varying chemical compositions, influenced by the polarity of the solvents, revealing differences and similarities between extracts of the same part. Antimicrobial properties were also identified against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, K. phaffii (Pichia pastoris) and S. cerevisiae. The results obtained confirm the biotechnological potential and contribute to the characterization of the leaves, flowers and fruits of the halophyte C. maritimum, mainly in relation to its nutritional composition and bioactivities, highlighting its application in the food industry, through the addition of nutrients in gastronomy and possible freshness preservation of food products.
Description
Keywords
Halófita Crithmum maritimum Perfil nutricional Perfil de ácidos gordos Capacidade antioxidante Capacidade antimicrobiana