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Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema

2026-03-04Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorCampos, António
dc.contributor.authorFurtado, Maria João
dc.contributor.authorCarneiro, Ângela
dc.contributor.authorMeireles, Angelina
dc.contributor.authorNeves, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorAmbrósio, António Francisco
dc.contributor.authorLeal, Inês
dc.contributor.authorFigueira João
dc.contributor.authorMarques, João Pedro
dc.contributor.authorHenriques, José
dc.contributor.authorFalcão, Manuel
dc.contributor.authorGomes, Nuno
dc.contributor.authorFlores, Rita
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Rufino
dc.contributor.authorPessoa, Bernardete
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-21T14:57:59Z
dc.date.available2026-04-21T14:57:59Z
dc.date.issued2026-03-04
dc.descriptionThis article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology.
dc.descriptionArticle number - 1949
dc.description.abstractDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). Disease progression can result in visual impairment, primarily due to diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Although several ocular treatments are available for DME, a subset of patients fails to respond, reflecting the multifactorial, complex, and systemic nature of DR. Inflammatory biomarkers can be classified according to different characteristics, including imaging biomarkers—most commonly assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT)—and molecular biomarkers, which are defined by their biochemical and biophysical properties. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adipokines, and inflammation-related enzymes are recognized as key inflammatory biomarkers and can be detected in the vitreous humour, aqueous humour, tears, serum, and other biological tissues. The identification and characterization of reliable biomarkers may help determine disease severity, monitor disease progression, and predict the risk of specific outcomes, thereby aiding in the prevention of end-stage disease (prognostic biomarkers). In addition, biomarkers may serve as predictive tools for therapeutic response, guiding personalized treatment strategies and enabling ongoing monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of inflammatory biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of DR and DME.eng
dc.description.sponsorship
dc.identifier.citationCampos, A.; Furtado, M.J.; Carneiro, Â.; Meireles, A.; Neves, C.; Ambrósio, A.F.; Leal, I.; Figueira, J.; Marques, J.P.; Henriques, J.; et al. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema. J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15, 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15051949
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/jcm15051949
dc.identifier.issn2077-0383
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/16169
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/5/1949
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Clinical Medicine
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectDiabetic macular oedemaa
dc.subjectDiabetic retinopathy
dc.subjectInflammation
dc.subjectInflammatory biomarkers
dc.subjectOCT biomarkers
dc.titleInflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edemaeng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue5
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Clinical Medicine
oaire.citation.volume15
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameCampos de Figueiredo
person.givenNameAntónio
person.identifier.ciencia-id4F1C-D822-7CFF
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0490-5889
relation.isAuthorOfPublication175bba2d-e9a5-46df-9f0e-da7cb16f04f1
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery175bba2d-e9a5-46df-9f0e-da7cb16f04f1

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