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Functional Dependence in Brazilian Adults One Year After COVID-19 Infection: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Cross-Sectional Study

2026-01-20Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorMilan, Natália
dc.contributor.authorLaranjeira, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorRossoni, Stéfane Lele
dc.contributor.authorAli, Amira Mohammed
dc.contributor.authorFekih-Romdhane, Feten
dc.contributor.authorBaccon, Wanessa
dc.contributor.authorCarreira, Lígia
dc.contributor.authorSalci, Maria Aparecida
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-21T14:40:26Z
dc.date.available2026-04-21T14:40:26Z
dc.date.issued2026-01-20
dc.descriptionArticle number - 23.
dc.descriptionThis article belongs to the Special Issue Post-COVID-19 Muscle Health and Exercise Rehabilitation.
dc.description.abstractOne of the challenges post-COVID-19 is reducing the negative impacts on quality of life, performance, and independence in activities of daily living. Assessing functional dependence in adults one year after acute infection can help to understand the long-term consequences, evaluate the impact on quality of life, plan rehabilitation and healthcare, identify the most vulnerable groups, measure the socioeconomic impact, and support public policies and clinical decisions. Objectives: The objectives of this study are as follows: (a) to assess the prevalence of functional dependence in Brazilian adults with COVID-19; (b) to analyze the association between the study variables; and (c) to determine the factors associated with functional dependence. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study with 987 adults (18 to 59 years old) living in the State of Paraná (Brazil) hospitalized for COVID-19 between March and December 2020. Data were collected by telephone 12 months after the acute infection using an instrument to retrieve sociodemographic and health information, and a functional dependence scale to assess dependence before COVID-19 retrospectively (using participant recall information) and at the time of the interview. Data were analyzed using penalized logistic regression after imputing missing data. Data were analyzed using penalized logistic regression after imputing missing data. Results: Functional dependence after COVID-19 was 5.0% and was associated with low levels of education, not having a partner, living with someone, not owning a home, experiencing job changes, requiring care, obesity, smoking, multimorbidity, ICU admission in the acute phase, use of invasive ventilation, or having Long COVID. Individuals who required care or used invasive ventilation support were, respectively, 9.3 and 6.5 times more likely to develop dependence after COVID-19. Despite adjustment for multiple factors, the magnitude of the observed effects warrants cautious interpretation, as unmeasured or residual confounding effects may still be present. Sample recall bias due to collection after 12 months and the presence of the alpha variant without COVID-19 vaccination coverage may limit data generalization. Conclusions: The results highlight the need to emphasize the public health implications of identifying functional dependence. In this vein, it is necessary to implement preventive measures, identify and monitor more vulnerable groups, plan rehabilitation programs, and develop public health policies.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—grant number: 001/2023. It was also supported by the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), I.P. [UID/05704/2025; https://doi.org/10.54499/UID/05704/2025, accessed on 6 January 2025], and by the Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call [https://doi.org/10.54499/CEECINST/00051/2018/CP1566/CT0012, accessed on 6 January 2026].
dc.identifier.citationMilan, N.; Laranjeira, C.; Rossoni, S.L.; Ali, A.M.; Fekih-Romdhane, F.; Baccon, W.; Carreira, L.; Salci, M.A. Functional Dependence in Brazilian Adults One Year After COVID-19 Infection: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Cross-Sectional Study. COVID 2026, 6, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid6010023
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/covid6010023
dc.identifier.issn2673-8112
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/16167
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationCenter for Innovative Care and Health Technology
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2673-8112/6/1/23
dc.relation.ispartofCOVID
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectBrazil
dc.subjectCOVID-19
dc.subjectFunctional dependence
dc.subjectLong COVID
dc.subjectPandemic
dc.titleFunctional Dependence in Brazilian Adults One Year After COVID-19 Infection: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Cross-Sectional Studyeng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumberUIDB/05704/2020
oaire.awardTitleCenter for Innovative Care and Health Technology
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F05704%2F2020/PT
oaire.citation.endPage19
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleCOVID
oaire.citation.volume6
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameLaranjeira
person.givenNameCarlos
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1080-9535
person.identifier.scopus-author-id22957802900
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
relation.isAuthorOfPublication7c2157d8-cac9-4004-9438-e92fec260842
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery7c2157d8-cac9-4004-9438-e92fec260842
relation.isProjectOfPublicationd421b07d-3471-4026-aa43-def80b8e142b
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryd421b07d-3471-4026-aa43-def80b8e142b

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