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O ponto de partida para esta reflexĆ£o Ć© o seguinte: no direito portuguĆŖs, o artigo 535.Āŗ do CĆ³digo do Trabalho proĆbe a substituiĆ§Ć£o de trabalhadores em greve por pessoas que, Ć data do aviso prĆ©vio, nĆ£o trabalhavam no respetivo estabelecimento ou serviƧo e, bem assim, a contrataĆ§Ć£o de outros trabalhadores ou empresas para realizar as tarefas dos trabalhadores em greve; proĆbe-se, pois, tanto a substituiĆ§Ć£o āinternaā (a operada mediante a deslocaĆ§Ć£o de trabalhadores inicialmente nĆ£o afetos ao serviƧo em greve para ele) como a substituiĆ§Ć£o externa (a que se traduz na contrataĆ§Ć£o de trabalhadores ou empresas, durante a greve, para realizar as tarefas dos trabalhadores grevistas). Coloca-se agora a questĆ£o de saber se o empregador pode substituir os trabalhadores em greve, nĆ£o por outras pessoas mas, por mĆ”quinas, isto Ć©, por meios tecnolĆ³gicos que minimizem o impacto da greve na atividade da empresa.
A questĆ£o da substituiĆ§Ć£o do trabalho humano pelo de robots tem-se colocado um pouco por todo o mundo (sĆ³ para dar um exemplo, veja-se a Foxconn que substituiu mais de 60 mil trabalhadores) mas, do que aqui se trata Ć© de saber se estes podem tomar o lugar daqueles durante a greve. E esta questĆ£o, como a anterior, nĆ£o vem do futuro, mas do presente. Pense-se no que aconteceu, nos Estados Unidos da AmĆ©rica, com a ameaƧa de substituiĆ§Ć£o dos trabalhadores grevistas da cadeia de fast-food McDonaldās. Nalguns paĆses Europeus, como em Espanha, a questĆ£o, conhecida como esquiolaje tecnolĆ³gico, jĆ” deu lugar a importantes pronĆŗncias jurisprudenciais, como a recente sentenƧa do Tribunal Constitucional espanhol de 7 de fevereiro de 2017.
Neste trabalho pretende-se, a partir de um olhar sobre o fenĆ³meno da substituiĆ§Ć£o de trabalhadores grevistas por robots, tomar posiĆ§Ć£o relativamente Ć questĆ£o, a partir do ordenamento jurĆdico portuguĆŖs.
The starting point of this reflection is the following: in the Portuguese law, article 535.Āŗ of the Portuguese Labour Code prohibits the replacement of employees on strike by people who, on the date of the prior notice, didn't work in the establishment or service, as well as the hiring of other employees or companies to carry out the tasks of employees on strike; prohibition is therefore both 'internal' replacement (operated by the internal employees mobility from one service to another) as the external replacement (which consists in hiring employees or companies, during the strike, to perform the strikers tasks). Based on that, we can ask whether the employer can replace employees on strike, not by other people but by machines, that is, by technological means to minimize the impact of the strike in the company's activity. The subject of the replacement of human labour by robots has been placed all over the world (just to give one example, see the Foxconn which replaced more than 60000 employees), but, here it comes is whether they can take the place of those during the strike. And this question, as the previous one, does not come from the future but of the present. Think about what happened in the United States of America, with the threat of replacement of strikers employees of the fast-food chain McDonald's. In some European countries, such as in Spain, the issue, known as esquiolaje, has led to important jurisprudential pronunciations, such as the recent sentence of the Spanish Constitutional Court of 7 February 2017. In this study, we aim to look at the phenomenon of strikers replacement by robots, by the eye of the Portuguese legal system.
The starting point of this reflection is the following: in the Portuguese law, article 535.Āŗ of the Portuguese Labour Code prohibits the replacement of employees on strike by people who, on the date of the prior notice, didn't work in the establishment or service, as well as the hiring of other employees or companies to carry out the tasks of employees on strike; prohibition is therefore both 'internal' replacement (operated by the internal employees mobility from one service to another) as the external replacement (which consists in hiring employees or companies, during the strike, to perform the strikers tasks). Based on that, we can ask whether the employer can replace employees on strike, not by other people but by machines, that is, by technological means to minimize the impact of the strike in the company's activity. The subject of the replacement of human labour by robots has been placed all over the world (just to give one example, see the Foxconn which replaced more than 60000 employees), but, here it comes is whether they can take the place of those during the strike. And this question, as the previous one, does not come from the future but of the present. Think about what happened in the United States of America, with the threat of replacement of strikers employees of the fast-food chain McDonald's. In some European countries, such as in Spain, the issue, known as esquiolaje, has led to important jurisprudential pronunciations, such as the recent sentence of the Spanish Constitutional Court of 7 February 2017. In this study, we aim to look at the phenomenon of strikers replacement by robots, by the eye of the Portuguese legal system.