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- A Systematic Review of IoT Solutions for Smart FarmingPublication . Navarro, Emerson; Costa, Nuno; Pereira, AntónioThe world population growth is increasing the demand for food production. Furthermore, the reduction of the workforce in rural areas and the increase in production costs are challenges for food production nowadays. Smart farming is a farm management concept that may use Internet of Things (IoT) to overcome the current challenges of food production. This work uses the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) methodology to systematically review the existing literature on smart farming with IoT. The review aims to identify the main devices, platforms, network protocols, processing data technologies and the applicability of smart farming with IoT to agriculture. The review shows an evolution in the way data is processed in recent years. Traditional approaches mostly used data in a reactive manner. In more recent approaches, however, new technological developments allowed the use of data to prevent crop problems and to improve the accuracy of crop diagnosis.
- Smart Campus Parking – Parking Made EasyPublication . Vieira, Amanda; Rosa, Iolanda; Santos, Ivo; Paulo, Tiago; Costa, Nuno; Maximiano, Marisa; Reis, Catarina I.The number of users of the parking lots from the campus of the Polytechnic of Leiria, a higher education institution in Portugal, has been increasing each year. It is becoming a major concern to the organization to address the high demand for a free parking spot on campus. In order to ease this problem, this paper proposes the design of a smart parking system that can help users to easily find a free parking spot, using an integrated system that includes sensors and a mobile application. The system is based on the information about the occupation status of parking lots generated by parking sensors. This information is available in the mobile application that consumes a REST webservice and is presented to end-users, thus contributing to the decrease of time wasted on the quest of finding a free spot. The software architecture consists on a set of decoupled modules that compute and share the information generated by sensors. This architectural approach is noteworthy because it maximizes the system scalability and responsiveness to change. It allows the system to expand with the integration of new applications and perform updates on the existing ones, without an overall impact on the operations of the other system modules.
- Special Issue on Body Area NetworksPublication . Pereira, António; Costa, Nuno; Fernández-Caballero, Antonio
- Fighting Elders’ Social and Technological Exclusion: The TV Based ApproachPublication . Correia, Luís; Costa, Nuno; Pereira, AntónioWe are assisting to the fastest grow of senior population ever and that tendency has brought several challenges for governments, families and for the elderly. The society was not prepared for that. On the one hand, there are many elderly who live alone in the cities and, on the other hand, active people is moving to the cities looking for a better life while leaving behind the villages where they born and grow and the older family members. On the other side, everyone is expecting the aid of technology in order to solve or at least minimize this problem. This paper present a video-calling service targeted for elderly social and technological exclusion and promoting socialization while using recent technology embedded into well-known electronic devices like TVs. The evaluation of results showed that when assisted technology is encapsulated into everyday objects, older people can use it seamlessly, without any learning curve.
- JavaScript Middleware for Mobile Agents Support on Desktop and Mobile PlatformsPublication . Silva, Carlos; Costa, Nuno; Grilo, Carlos; Veloz, JorgeThe evolution of technology in interconnection solutions such as Networks or the Internet, have allowed many communication architectures to be born and a varied interconnectivity. Here, we present a project that relies on the mobile agent computing paradigm. A middleware using the JavaScript language that allows the execution and ability to move mobile agents through the local network and Internet. This initiative arose as a way of dealing with problems raised by the considerable amount of existing Java based mobile agents middleware, which force the installation of the Java Virtual Machine in the devices, making complicated its execution in operating systems like macOS, iOS and others non-java friendly O.S. Our middleware works steadily in all operating systems, requiring only the installation of node.js. For mobile platforms the middleware is developed using React-native that allows it to run on mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS.
- A Practical Solution for Automatic Service Discovery and Usage over Resource Poor Ad-hoc Sensor NetworksPublication . Costa, Nuno; Pereira, António; Serôdio, CarlosAd-hoc networks present new challenges due to its mobility, lack of infrastructure and resource limited devices. This means that service discovery (and usage) protocols targeted for traditional networks are not suitable for ad-hoc networks because they usually rely on the fixed and high availability characteristics of nodes to run important services. Ad-hoc networks need service discovery protocols compliant with its mobility and changing topology. In this paper we present a practical solution capable of provide automatic service discovery and usage over ad-hoc networks of resource poor sensor nodes. The solution was not developed from the ground-up. Instead, it was based on a (successfully) solution for traditional networks but then modified to address ad-hoc networks while keeping it original semantics.
- Integration of Resource Poor Wireless Sensor Networks into Smart SpacesPublication . Costa, Nuno; Pereira, António; Serôdio, CarlosWireless Sensor networks (WSNs) have been referred to as one part of the background infrastructure required to achieve ubiquitous computing, where smart spaces are included. For instance, WSNs could be especially useful to compute the user context or even 'context' of mobile resources in general. To serve this purpose, wireless sensor network must expose some sort of service discovery and usage capability and be compatible with the nowadays ubiquitous technologies. In this paper we present a practical approach to bring WSNs, specially the ones built from resource poor sensor nodes, to participate into smart environments as ubiquitous devices. The approach addresses device heterogeneity, uses the state of the art and ubiquitous TCP/IP communication stack, is service driven and do not rely in any external resource rich device. As a result, we successfully created a Java based service discovery and usage protocol that is compliant with ad-hoc networks and resource constrained devices and a framework capable of produce the source and binary code ready to run on both resource constrained sensor nodes and PCs.
- A Java Software Stack for Resource Poor Sensor Nodes: Towards Peer-to-Peer JiniPublication . Costa, Nuno; Pereira, António; Serôdio, CarlosSensor networks have been referred to as part of the background infrastructure required to achieve ubiquitous computing. This has recently promoted a considerable amount of attention from the research community that concluded that existing protocols and techniques for service discovery, such as JINI or UPnP are not suitable for the case of resource poor, battery-powered sensor nodes. We do not really agree with this approach. We think that those protocols could be a good starting point to "power-up" sensor nodes with poor resources for ubiquitous computing support. Starting from this principle and recognizing that existing sensor node system software is not suitable for our purpose, we decided to build a new sensor node software stack. The result was a stand-alone Java Virtual Machine, suitable for sensor nodes with poor resources, an implementation of the ubiquitous TCP/IP communication stack and Jini based middleware to achieve automatic service discover and usage. This software stack was tailored to perfectly fit in the state-of-the-art Mica2 class of sensor nodes.
- Peer-to-Peer Jini for Truly Service-Oriented WSNsPublication . Pereira, António; Costa, Nuno; Serôdio, CarlosIn the past, wireless sensor networks emerged and so did some state-of-the-art applications that ran above them. Most of those applications followed the centralized model and were mainly focused on environmental data gathering, where sensor nodes sensed data from the environment to be sent to an external data server for later processing. Further research took wireless sensor networks to new application areas and, today, this technology gained the ubiquitous status. However, the use of wireless sensor networks is still reserved to experts, mainly due to the huge gap between user applications and the network. This fact has led us to successfully develop a new software stack, capable of running in any sensor node even in the most resource-constrained ones. The new software stack offers a truly service-oriented approach to design and implement applications and follows a widely accepted programming language and programming paradigm.
- Body Area Networks in Healthcare: A Brief State of the ArtPublication . Roda-Sanchez, Luis; Olivares, Teresa; Fernández-Caballero, Antonio; Vera, Daniel; Costa, Nuno; Pereira, António Manuel de JesusA body area network (BAN) comprises a set of devices that sense their surroundings, activate and communicate with each other when an event is detected in its environment. Although BAN technology was developed more than 20 years ago, in recent years, its popularity has greatly increased. The reason is the availability of smaller and more powerful devices, more efficient communication protocols and improved duration of portable batteries. BANs are applied in many fields, healthcare being one of the most important through gathering information about patients and their surroundings. A continuous stream of information may help physicians with making well-informed decisions about a patient's treatment. Based on recent literature, the authors review BAN architectures, network topologies, energy sources, sensor types, applications, as well as their main challenges. In addition, the paper focuses on the principal requirements of safety, security, and sustainability. In addition, future research and improvements are discussed. © 2019 by the authors