Browsing by Author "Hernández-Mendo, Antonio"
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- Clima motivacional y diversión en el deporte: el papel mediador de la regulación conductualPublication . Perez Garcia, José Alberto; Morquecho-Sánchez, Raquel; Ramirez-Nava, Rúben; Monteiro, Diogo; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Morales-Sánchez, Verónica; Hernández-Mendo, AntonioLa regulación del comportamiento es un mecanismo explicativo fundamental para entender cómo influye el clima motivacional en la diversión, lo que refuerza la importancia de fomentar entornos que impliquen tareas para mejorar la motivación de los deportistas y su experiencia deportiva en general, especialmente en lo que respecta la diversión. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el papel mediador de la regulación conductual en la relación entre el clima motivacional (implicación en la tarea e implicación en el ego) y la diversión en el deporte. En el estudio participaron 294 jugadores de fútbol (153 hombres y 141 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 19 años (M = 14.55; SD = 1.71). Se utilizó la Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale para evaluar el clima motivacional, la Sport Motivation Scale-II para evaluar la regulación conductual y la Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale para evaluar la diversión. Se realizó un análisis de mediación para examinar el papel de la regulación conductual en la relación entre el clima motivacional y la diversión. Los resultados indicaron que un clima motivacional de implicación en la tarea se asocia con mayores niveles de motivación autónoma (r = .681; p≤.001), que a su vez se relaciona con una mayor diversión (r = .175; p≤.001). Por otro lado, un clima de implicación del ego se asocia con una motivación no autodeterminada (r = .657; p≤.001) y una menor diversión (r = -.357; p≤.001). La motivación autónoma medió significativamente en la relación entre el clima de implicación en la tarea y la diversión (β = .38; 95% CI = .201, .575). El estudio refuerza la importancia de promover climas motivacionales de implicación en la tarea para fomentar la motivación autónoma y aumentar la diversión en los deportistas. La motivación autónoma parece desempeñar un papel mediador en la relación entre el clima motivacional y el disfrute.
- A Comprehensive Review and Bifactor Modeling Analysis of the Brief COPEPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Figueiredo, Nuno; Rodrigues, José; Ferreira, Regina; Hernández-Mendo, Antonio; Monteiro, DiogoThe Brief COPE is a measure of coping strategies that contains 14 factors. The purpose of this research was twofold: (a) examine the psychometric proprieties of the Brief Cope in previous studies; and (b) perform Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) with second-order model and bifactor model specifications that could be used to assess the best model that represents the 14 coping strategies inherent to the instrument. In order to meet the first objective, a bibliographic review of published peer-reviewed studies between 1997 and 2021 was conducted. Results from the review identified 50 studies, of which 21 used exploratory factor analysis, 28 CFA and one study test-retest analysis. Seventeen studies used the entire correlated 14-factor structure. However, only 11 studies conducted a CFA. For the second objective, a sample of 472 working class individuals (female = 278) with a mean work experience of 19.06 years (SD = 11,92) were recruited. We tested several model specifications, convergent and discriminant validity analysis. We found the correlated 14-factor structure of the Brief COPE to have good psychometric properties. The second-order and bifactor model specifications displayed poor fit or did not converge, respectively. The measure showed good convergent and discriminant validity, and the subscales showed adequate internal consistency. We provide further validity and reliability of the correlated 14-factor structure, evidencing that this measure can assess coping mechanisms. Secondorder model specifications need further testing and empirical evidence to support such hierarchical categorization.
- Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback in the Recovery of the Vastus Lateralis after Knee Injury: A Single-Group Case StudyPublication . Morales-Sánchez, Verónica; Reigal, Rafael E.; Antunes, Raul; Matos, Rui; Hernández-Mendo, Antonio; Monteiro, DiogoElectromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) is a technique that can contribute to the improvement of muscle tone and control in the rehabilitation process after injury. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of EMG-BF in increasing the electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis after knee injury. The sample consisted of four individuals who had undergone surgery or rehabilitation to resolve either a partial meniscal tear or a patellar tendon strain. The intervention consisted of a program of ten sessions of EMG-BF work. Twelve trials were performed in each session, in which participants were instructed to target the muscle tension produced by the vastus lateralis of the uninjured hemilateral limb. Of the twelve trials in each session, the first three and the last three were performed without feedback, and the intermediate six with feedback. The recording of muscle activity was performed using CY-351/2 Mioback equipment, which allowed the amplitude of the electromyographic signal to be evaluated. The results indicated that the sample analyzed reached greater amplitude during the biofeedback trials, both for the maximum (Z = −13.43, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.64, 95% CI (0.27, 1.01)) and mean (Z = −7.26, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.24, 95% CI (−0.12, 0.60)) values. The amplitude also increased throughout the ten sessions, both for the maximum (Z = −3.06, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 1.37, 95% CI (0.29, 2.45)) and mean (Z = −3.06, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 1.20, 95% CI (0.34, 2.08)) values. Thus, the results highlight the efficacy of this technique in improving muscle activity, suggesting that it is a useful therapeutic procedure in injury recovery.
- Examination of associations across transformational teacher leadership, motivational orientation, enjoyment, and boredom in physical education studentsPublication . Hernández-Martos, Jacobo; Morales-Sánchez, Verónica; Monteiro, Diogo; Franquelo, María A; Pérez-López, Rocío; Hernández-Mendo, Antonio; Reigal, Rafael E.Previous research has highlighted positive associations between teacher transformational leadership and student enjoyment in school. However, there is a dearth of evidence regarding the mediating effect that motivational orientation has on the relationships between transformational leadership and enjoyment in physical education classes. Given that an affinity for physical education fosters healthy behaviors among adolescents outside of school, this study explores the relationships between teachers’ transformational leadership style and enjoyment experienced by students in physical education, examining the mediating role played by motivational orientation in these relationships. A total sample of 478 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (mean = 14.55; standard deviation = 1.11) participated. To assess the study variables, the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire, and the Sport Satisfaction Instrument in Physical Education were used. The findings from the applied structural equation model revealed a significant and positive relationship between teachers’ transformational leadership style and students’ perceived satisfaction, while negative relationships were observed with feelings of boredom. Additionally, positive connections were established between task orientation and enjoyment, along with negative associations with boredom. Indirect effects were also found between a transformational leadership style and both enjoyment and boredom, mediated by the variable task motivational orientation. These results underscore the importance of evaluating both students’ motivational factors and their perceptions of teachers, since they may interact with each other to determine their school satisfaction. Consequently, teachers may need to modify their behavior to improve their interactions with students and increase the chances of adherence to physical activity.
- How Does the Level of Physical Activity Influence Eating Behavior? A Self-Determination Theory ApproachPublication . Fernandes, Vanessa; Rodrigues, F.; Jacinto, M.; Teixeira, Diogo; Cid, L.; Antunes, Raul; Matos, R.; Reigal, Rafael E.; Hernández-Mendo, Antonio; Morales-Sánchez, Verónica; Monteiro, D.Physical activity and diet are two predominant determinants of population health status that may influence each other. Physical activity has been identified as a behavior that may lead to a healthier diet and regulates eating behaviors. This research aimed to investigate how the level of physical activity is associated with the motivation related to eating behaviors and, consequently, the eating style individuals have on a daily basis. This was a cross-sectional study in which participants completed an online questionnaire that assessed the following variables: the level of physical activity, the motivation toward eating behavior, and the type of eating behavior. In total, 440 individuals (180 men and 260 women) who regularly exercised in gyms and fitness centers aged between 19 and 64 years (M = 33.84; SD = 10.09) took part in the study. The data were collected following the Declaration of Helsinki and with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Polytechnic of Leiria. For the statistical analysis, mean and standard deviations were first calculated, as well as bivariate correlations between all the variables of interest. Then, structural equation model analyses were performed considering the levels of physical activity as the independent variable, motivations toward eating behavior as the mediators, and eating styles as the dependent variables. It was concluded that a greater level of physical activity leads to a more self-determined type of eating regulation, which in turn results in less constricted eating behaviors that are influenced by external factors and emotional factors.
- Motivational Orientation, Boredom and Fun in Physical Education: The Mediation Role of Self-Esteem and Motor Self-EfficacyPublication . Reigal Garrido, Rafael Enrique; Hernández-Martos, Jacobo; Monteiro, Diogo; Pérez-López, Rocío; Hernández-Mendo, Antonio; Morales-Sánchez, VerónicaAdolescents who enjoy physical education (PE) classes are more likely to be active during out-of-school hours. Similarly, achievement goal theory suggests that task-oriented motivation is associated with higher levels of reported fun during PE classes. In contrast, ego-oriented motivation has been related to boredom in class, but some self-perceptions (e.g., self-esteem or motoric self-efficacy) may modify this relationship and are important for physical activity. Our aim in this paper was to analyze the relationships between motivational orientation and fun and boredom in PE classes by assessing the mediating effects of self-esteem and self-efficacy. We surveyed 478 teenagers between 13 and 18 years of age (M = 14.57; SD = 1.15) with the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Motor Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES), and the Intrinsic Satisfaction in Sport Scale (SSI-EF). We used a structural equation model to evaluate relationships between these variables of interest. We found a positive relationship between ego orientation and boredom and between task orientation and fun; and we found a negative relationship between task orientation and boredom in PE classes. Importantly, we observed indirect effects from self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy in the relationships between motivational orientation and boredom and fun in PE. These results highlight the importance of students’ motivational orientations in PE classes and illustrate that self-perception of self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy can mediate these relationships.
- Testing Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance of Basic Psychological Needs in the Digital Version of the Sport ScalePublication . Pérez-Romero, Nuria; Reigal, Rafael E.; Franquelo, María Auxiliadora; Monteiro, Diogo; Castillo, Isabel; Hernández-Mendo, Antonio; Morales-Sánchez, VerónicaMotivation is an important field in sport because it is related to the satisfaction, psychological well-being, or adherence to sport. The Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (PNSE) is one of the questionnaires that assess motivation from the Self-Determination Theory. Online tools are growing because of the advantages that they offer. The PNSE has been validated in different populations but never in its digital version. The aim of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the digital version of the PNSE hosted on the MenPas platform. The current study included 1050 platform users aged 18 to 58 who engage in regular physical-sports activity. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the 18-item model was conducted, and invariance was performed according to gender and type of sport. The results indicated that the measurement model displayed a good fit to the data: (CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.06; df = 132; B-S p = 0.02–0.07): general sample (χ2 = 934.86, χ2/df = 7.08), female (χ2 = 699.94, χ2/df = 5.30), male (χ2 = 442.42, χ2/df = 3.35) individual sports (χ2 = 753.17, χ2/df = 5.71), and team sports (χ2 = 390.44, χ2/df = 2.96). Appropriate values of invariance, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and composite reliability were obtained. The digital version of the PNSE shows adequate psychometric properties and it could improve the data collection process in future investigations.
- The Future Looks Good: Examining the Associations Between Coping, Psychological Distress, and OptimismPublication . Santos, Tiago; Uva, António de Sousa; Rodrigues, José Fernandes; Ferreira, Regina; Monteiro, Diogo; Hernández-Mendo, Antonio; Rodrigues, FilipeThe recent pandemic and consequent lockdown had a substantial impact on mental health and optimism regarding the future. Previous research showed that levels of depression, anxiety, and stress had increased throughout the pandemic. Nonetheless, how individuals cope when faced with adversity may be associated with positive expectations regarding the future. A sample of 274 Portuguese workers (female = 54) with a mean age of 40.86 (SD = 0.70) and work experience of 19.68 years (SD = 12.07) met inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the proposed study. They represented a variety of working classes (i.e., arts, engineering, marketers, transportation and logistic, clerks, personal trainers, managers, lawyers, accountants, directors, journalism, health care). We investigated the associations between depression, stress, anxiety, adaptive and maladaptive coping, and optimism while controlling for working experience, gender, and work type. We found that depression was related to lower levels of optimism. However, for participants scoring high on adaptive coping and anxiety, higher scores of optimism were reported. Gender, work type, and experience did not significantly influence the results. These results provide evidence through which positive mental health can be promoted after the pandemic.