Browsing by Author "Arenas, Francisco"
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- Range-edge populations of seaweeds show niche unfilling and poor adaptation to increased temperaturesPublication . Hernández, Sandra; García, Ana G.; Arenas, Francisco; Escribano, M. Pilar; Jueterbock, Alexander; De Clerck, Olivier; Maggs, Christine; Franco, Joao N.; Martínez, Brezo D.C.Aim: Global warming is affecting the distribution of species worldwide, but the level of adaptation of edge populations to warmer temperatures remains an open question. Here, we assess the thermal tolerance of populations of two habitat-forming seaweeds along their latitudinal range, using thermal niche unfilling to assess their resilience to global warming. Location: European Atlantic coastline. Taxon: Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis (Phaeophyceae) and Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta). Methods: We studied the ecotypic variation in upper survival temperatures (USTs) by measuring survival and growth of adults representing populations under a gradient of seawater temperature (12–30°C). Comparing the USTs with maximum seawater temperatures obtained from satellites, we investigated safety margins and niche unfilling states, both in recent history and under future climate scenarios. Results: USTs (≈24°C) did not differ significantly between populations, except for higher values (27.9°C) for the northernmost populations (cold edge) of A. nodosum. Populations of both species had thermal safety margins over the last few decades (from 1982 to 2021). However, projections based on USTs showed that in several years these margins have been eliminated and will completely disappear in the Bay of Biscay under RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 2090–2100 IPCC scenarios for C. crispus and under RCP8.5 for both species, threatening the populations there. Main Conclusions: Southern marginal populations were not better adapted to global warming than populations elsewhere. Both seaweed species tolerated higher temperatures than the ambient maxima, suggesting a thermal niche unfilling state with thermal safety margins in their recent history. However, those are being depleted by ongoing climate change and this trend is predicted to increase. Marine heat waves are important threats to these habitat-forming species, transiently reducing or even eliminating safety margins in the hottest parts of the European Atlantic coastline, contributing to explaining the distributional gap there.
- Rapid tropicalization evidence of subtidal seaweed assemblages along a coastal transitional zonePublication . Azevedo, Jonas de; Franco, Joao N.; Vale, Cândida G.; Lemos, Marco F.L.; Arenas, FranciscoAnthropogenic climate change, particularly seawater warming, is expected to drive quick shifts in marine species distribution transforming coastal communities. These shifts in distribution will be particularly noticeable in biogeographical transition zones. The continental Portuguese coast stretches from north to south along 900 km. Despite this short spatial scale, the strong physical gradient intensified by the Iberian upwelling creates a transition zone where seaweed species from boreal and Lusitanian-Mediterranean origin coexist. On the northern coast, kelp marine forests thrive in the cold, nutrient-rich oceanic waters. In the south, communities resemble Mediterranean-type seaweed assemblages and are dominated by turfs. Recent evidence suggests that in these coastal areas, marine intertidal species are shifting their distribution edges as a result of rising seawater temperatures. Taking advantage of previous abundance data collected in 2012 from subtidal seaweed communities, a new sampling program was carried out in the same regions in 2018 to assess recent changes. The results confirmed the latitudinal gradient in macroalgal assemblages. More importantly we found significant structural and functional changes in a short period of six years, with regional increases of abundance of warm-affinity species, small seaweeds like turfs. Species richness, diversity, and biomass increase, all accompanied by an increase of community temperature index (CTI). Our findings suggest that subtidal seaweed communities in this transitional area have undergone major changes within a few years. Evidence of “fast tropicalization” of the subtidal communities of the Portuguese coast are strong indication of the effects of anthropic climate change over coastal assemblages.
- Sea urchin grazing preferences on native and non-native macroalgaePublication . Cardoso, André C.; Arenas, Francisco; Sousa-Pinto, Isabel; Barreiro, Aldo; Franco, Joao NHerbivory plays a major role in shaping community dynamics across freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats, by controlling patterns of abundance and distribution of primary producers, including seaweeds. In the context of biological invasions, the proliferation of non-native seaweeds has been often attributed to limited grazing by native herbivores on introduced species (“Enemy Release Hypothesis”, ERH). In our study, we aimed to explore the potential of an abundant generalist herbivore (the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus) to graze on non-native in comparison to native macroalgae species. For this purpose, we used manipulative experiments to assess sea urchin preference on native and non-native seaweed species present in the northwest coast of Portugal. Specifically, we determined the preferences of P. lividus on brown seaweeds i.e. Laminaria ochroleuca, Saccorhiza polyschides and the non-native Undaria pinnatifida, and red seaweeds i.e. Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus and the non-native Grateloupia turuturu. For each group of seaweed species, sea urchin preference and biomass consumption were examined. The nutritional (organic carbon and nitrogen) and chemical (phenolic content) features were also analysed, in order to assess their effect on sea urchin feeding. According to the results, P. lividus did not show a specific preference for any of the different seaweeds of each phylum. These results suggest that P. lividus is a generalist herbivore, not exerting a differential grazing pressure on non-native seaweeds when compared to native ones.
- Snapshot of macroalgae and fish assemblages in temperate reefs in the Southern European Atlantic ecoregionPublication . Franco, Joao N.; Arenas, Francisco; Sousa-Pinto, Isabel; Santos, Carmen B. de losMost of the biodiversity studies in the South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion are limited to shallow subtidal or intertidal habitats, while deeper reef habitats, also of relevant ecological importance, are particularly understudied. Macroalgal communities, associated fauna, and sea surface temperature were studied in deep reefs (25–30 m) at two locations in this ecoregion: Parcel, North of Portugal (41º N), and Tarifa, Southern Spain (35º N). Specifically, algal assemblages were assessed using biomass collection and associated ichthyofauna was assessed using visual census techniques using scuba. Seawater surface temperature was higher (>3º C) in the southern region—Tarifa, compared to the northern region—Parcel. Our survey revealed 18 fish species and 23 algae species. The highest abundance of cold-water species (both macroalgae and fish species) was recorded in Parcel and warm-water species were dominant in Tarifa. In light of climate global trends, both regions might experience biodiversity shifts towards tropicalization. Current knowledge on their biodiversity is imperative to further evaluate potential shifts.