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Over-the-Air Calibration of Active Antenna Arrays Using Multisine

2021-01-05Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Naturais::Ciências Físicas
datacite.subject.fosEngenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Eletrotécnica, Eletrónica e Informática
datacite.subject.sdg10:Reduzir as Desigualdades
datacite.subject.sdg11:Cidades e Comunidades Sustentáveis
dc.contributor.authorJordão, Marina
dc.contributor.authorBelo, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorCaldeirinha, Rafael F. S.
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Arnaldo S. R.
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Nuno Borges de
dc.date.accessioned2026-05-29T17:13:49Z
dc.date.available2026-05-29T17:13:49Z
dc.date.issued2021-01-05
dc.descriptionLink para o documento - https://www.it.pt/Publications/DownloadPaperJournal/30365
dc.description.abstractA novel over-the-air (OTA) beamforming calibration procedure is proposed, which can be applied to different types of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitting antennas. The method consists of using two tones on each antenna element, the main tone, and the tickle tone. The latter one operates in a different frequency for each antenna element and is used to obtain the optimum phase that needs to be set for each element to generate a beam in the desired direction, at the main tone frequency. The novel method was applied to linear, planar, 3-D antennas, and noncollocated multiantennas to validate its applicability to different antenna types. Line-of-Sight (LOS) and non-LOS experimental results demonstrate that the method can be used to retrieve the required phase to fully control the antenna radiation pattern. An optimum radiation pattern and lowest error vector magnitude (EVM) can be achieved even under high multipath effects/non-LOS conditions. A comparison between the performance and the application of the array factor (AF) theory is presented for practical indoor scenarios, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method. It is demonstrated that the method may be an alternative to the calibration of nonstandard MIMO antennas, where the AF computation is complex or not possible.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), through the Regional Operational Programme of Lisbon (POR LISBOA 2020) and the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Programme (COMPETE 2020) of the Portugal 2020 framework [Project INFANTE with Nr. 024534 (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024534)]. The work of Marina Jordão was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (F.C.T.) under Ph.D. Grant SFRH/BD/143204/2019. The work of Daniel Belo was supported by F.C.T. under Ph.D. Grant SFRH/BD/142403/2018. This work was sponsored in part by the Roger Pollard Student Fellowship from the Automatic RF Techniques Group.
dc.identifier.citationM. Jordão, D. Belo, R. F. S. Caldeirinha, A. S. R. Oliveira and N. B. de Carvalho, "Over-the-Air Calibration of Active Antenna Arrays Using Multisine," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 431-442, Jan. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2020.3032900.
dc.identifier.doi10.1109/tmtt.2020.3032900
dc.identifier.eissn1557-9670
dc.identifier.issn0018-9480
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/16368
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherIEEE Canada
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9248044
dc.relation.ispartofIEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectBeamforming
dc.subjectcalibration
dc.subjectmultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas
dc.subjectmultisine
dc.subjectover-the-air (OTA)
dc.titleOver-the-Air Calibration of Active Antenna Arrays Using Multisineeng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage442
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.startPage431
oaire.citation.titleIEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
oaire.citation.volume69
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_dc82b40f9837b551
person.familyNameCaldeirinha
person.givenNameRafael
person.identifier.ciencia-id4D18-2B1E-0960
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0297-7870
person.identifier.ridF-1499-2015
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7801603527
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationb04f8672-d7af-443e-9104-ae8698dcdc9d
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryb04f8672-d7af-443e-9104-ae8698dcdc9d

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A novel over-the-air (OTA) beamforming calibration procedure is proposed, which can be applied to different types of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitting antennas. The method consists of using two tones on each antenna element, the main tone, and the tickle tone. The latter one operates in a different frequency for each antenna element and is used to obtain the optimum phase that needs to be set for each element to generate a beam in the desired direction, at the main tone frequency. The novel method was applied to linear, planar, 3-D antennas, and noncollocated multiantennas to validate its applicability to different antenna types. Line-of-Sight (LOS) and non-LOS experimental results demonstrate that the method can be used to retrieve the required phase to fully control the antenna radiation pattern. An optimum radiation pattern and lowest error vector magnitude (EVM) can be achieved even under high multipath effects/non-LOS conditions. A comparison between the performance and the application of the array factor (AF) theory is presented for practical indoor scenarios, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method. It is demonstrated that the method may be an alternative to the calibration of nonstandard MIMO antennas, where the AF computation is complex or not possible.
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