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Estudo da aerodinâmica, via CFD, de um veículo pesado de passageiros
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O presente relatório tem como objetivo o estudo do comportamento aerodinâmico de um veículo pesado de passageiros através de simulação computacional de fluidos (CFD). A análise foi desenvolvida a partir de um modelo tridimensional do veículo. Esta análise criada com base no veículo fornecido pela empresa Caetano Bus do veículo H2 City Gold Gen 2 e foi simplificada para reduzir o custo computacional, mantendo-se as principais características geométricas que influenciam o escoamento.
Foram simuladas diferentes condições de escoamento com recurso ao software ANSYS Fluent, utilizando o modelo de turbulência k-ε, amplamente usado em aplicações industriais pela sua robustez e eficiência computacional. A malha computacional foi refinada nas zonas críticas como junto ao veículo e a sua esteira.
Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que as regiões mais críticas em termos de contribuição para o coeficiente de arrasto (𝐶𝐷) são a dianteira, a retaguarda, as rodas, o subchassi e o tejadilho. Com base nestes resultados e na literatura de referência, foram propostas soluções de melhoria aerodinâmica, tais como arredondamento de cantos frontais e em termos práticos (que não dependem da simulação), painéis no subchassi e integração de sistemas no tejadilho.
Conclui-se que a otimização destas zonas tem potencial para reduzir significativamente o arrasto aerodinâmico, contribuindo para a diminuição do consumo energético e aumento da autonomia do veículo. Por fim, são sugeridas futuras linhas de investigação, incluindo a modelação detalhada de sistemas não incluídos neste estudo por simplificação ou confidencialidade e a realização de ensaios experimentais de validação.
The present report aims to study the aerodynamic behavior of a heavy passenger vehicle through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The analysis was carried out on a three-dimensional model of the H2 City Gold Gen 2, provided by Caetano Bus. The geometry was simplified to reduce computational cost, while maintaining the main aerodynamic features that influence the flow. Different flow conditions were simulated using ANSYS Fluent software, applying the k–ε turbulence model, widely used in industrial applications for its robustness and computational efficiency. The computational mesh was refined in critical regions, namely around the vehicle and in its wake. The results showed that the most critical areas contributing to the drag coefficient (𝐶𝐷) are the front end, rear end, wheels, underbody, and roof-mounted equipment. Based on these findings and the literature review, several aerodynamic improvements were proposed, such as front corner rounding, rear deflectors, wheel covers, and considering practical applications beyond simulation underbody panels and optimized integration of rooftop systems. It is concluded that optimizing these areas has the potential to significantly reduce aerodynamic drag, thereby lowering energy consumption and increasing the vehicle’s operational range. Finally, future research directions are suggested, including detailed modeling of systems not included in this study due to simplifications or confidentiality, and experimental validation tests.
The present report aims to study the aerodynamic behavior of a heavy passenger vehicle through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The analysis was carried out on a three-dimensional model of the H2 City Gold Gen 2, provided by Caetano Bus. The geometry was simplified to reduce computational cost, while maintaining the main aerodynamic features that influence the flow. Different flow conditions were simulated using ANSYS Fluent software, applying the k–ε turbulence model, widely used in industrial applications for its robustness and computational efficiency. The computational mesh was refined in critical regions, namely around the vehicle and in its wake. The results showed that the most critical areas contributing to the drag coefficient (𝐶𝐷) are the front end, rear end, wheels, underbody, and roof-mounted equipment. Based on these findings and the literature review, several aerodynamic improvements were proposed, such as front corner rounding, rear deflectors, wheel covers, and considering practical applications beyond simulation underbody panels and optimized integration of rooftop systems. It is concluded that optimizing these areas has the potential to significantly reduce aerodynamic drag, thereby lowering energy consumption and increasing the vehicle’s operational range. Finally, future research directions are suggested, including detailed modeling of systems not included in this study due to simplifications or confidentiality, and experimental validation tests.
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Aerodinâmica CFD Ansys Veículos pesados de passageiros Coeficiente de arrasto