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Macroplastics as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of evidence, variability and methodological constraints

datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
datacite.subject.sdg13:Ação Climática
datacite.subject.sdg14:Proteger a Vida Marinha
dc.contributor.authorCosta, Cátia
dc.contributor.authorDuarte Ferreira, Guilherme
dc.contributor.authorHenriques, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorTacão, Marta
dc.contributor.authorCampos, Maria Jorge
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-10T10:19:02Z
dc.date.available2026-09-10T10:19:02Z
dc.date.issued2026-09-01
dc.description.abstractThe environmental accumulation of macroplastics has raised concerns regarding their role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As persistent and mobile substrates, macroplastics provide surfaces for microbial colonization and may act as reservoirs and vectors of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, their ecological significance remains insufficiently resolved. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of 55 peer-reviewed studies investigating environmentally collected and experimentally exposed macroplastics across marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems. Macroplastics consistently harbor clinically relevant ARB and ARGs, supporting their role as AMR reservoirs. However, evidence for systematic enrichment relative to surrounding matrices is inconsistent, and direct evidence of AMR transfer during environmental transport remains limited. Anthropogenic pressure, ecosystem type, and plastic weathering emerged as key drivers of AMR patterns, with freshwater systems typically showing higher abundance and diversity of ARB and ARGs. Weathering enhances biofilm development and the adsorption of selective agents, whereas the influence of polymer type remains inconclusive. Methodological heterogeneity, including inconsistent quantification strategies, limited environmental controls, and lack of phenotype-genotype linkage, constrains robust inference. We propose a standardized, integrative framework combining environmental baselines, harmonized AMR quantification, and functional validation to improve comparability and support reliable evaluation of macroplastic-associated AMR.eng
dc.description.sponsorshipThe present work was supported by the FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P., grant awarded to Cátia Costa (2022.10874.BD), to Guilherme Duarte Ferreira (2023.09369.CEECIND/CP2852/CT 0001) and Marta Tacão (CEECIND/00977/2020). This work is also supported by the Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for the People & the Planet (CFE) and the Associated Laboratory TERRA (UID/04004/2025, doi.org/10.54499/UID/04004/2025; LA/P/0092/2020, doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0092/2020), as well as by the Strategic Projects awarded to MARE - Centre for Marine Sciences and the Environment (UID/04292/2025, doi.org/10.54499/UID/04292/2025) and the Associated Laboratory ARNET (LA/P/0069/2020, doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0069/2020), and to CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (UID/50017/2025, doi.org/10.54499/UID/50017/2025 and LA/P/0094/2020, doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0094/2020).
dc.identifier.citationCosta, C., Duarte Ferreira, G., Henriques, I., Tacão, M., & Campos, M. J. (2026). Macroplastics as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of evidence, variability and methodological constraints. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2026.2721421
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/1040841x.2026.2721421
dc.identifier.issn1040-841X
dc.identifier.issn1549-7828
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/16840
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherInforma UK Limited
dc.relationCentre for Functional Ecology
dc.relationAquatic Research Infrastructure Network
dc.relationCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2026.2721421
dc.relation.ispartofCritical Reviews in Microbiology
dc.rights.uriN/A
dc.subjectMacroplastics
dc.subjectantimicrobial resistance
dc.subjectantibiotic resistance genes
dc.subjectantibiotic-resistant bacteria
dc.subjectaquatic biofilms
dc.titleMacroplastics as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of evidence, variability and methodological constraintseng
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumberUID/BIA/04004/2019
oaire.awardNumberUID/MAR/04292/2013
oaire.awardNumberLA/P/0094/2020
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Functional Ecology
oaire.awardTitleAquatic Research Infrastructure Network
oaire.awardTitleCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UID%2FBIA%2F04004%2F2019/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/5876/UID%2FMAR%2F04292%2F2013/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/LA%2FP%2F0094%2F2020/PT
oaire.citation.endPage25
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleCritical Reviews in Microbiology
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.fundingStream5876
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameGaspar Veríssimo Costa
person.familyNameDuarte Ferreira
person.familyNameCampos
person.givenNameCátia Filipa
person.givenNameGuilherme
person.givenNameMaria Jorge
person.identifierC-2471-2018
person.identifier174191
person.identifier.ciencia-idB61B-C0B9-89DF
person.identifier.ciencia-idD017-9023-9519
person.identifier.ciencia-id2416-7867-2D40
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-8558-5786
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0010-4558
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-0883-0610
person.identifier.ridC-2471-2018
person.identifier.ridE-5591-2014
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57211559216
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55767069800
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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