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- Migrants’ chances or choices in a sub-protective welfare regime?Publication . Valadas, Carla; Góis, Pedro; Marques, José Carlos LaranjoEven more intensely since the recession, employment conditions deteriorated, and welfare systems continued their reforming processes. Southern European countries saw their labour market situation worsened. Immigrants were one of the social groups more affected by high unemployment, informal and precarious working conditions. The article focuses on the main groups of immigrants in Portugal (Brazilians, Ukrainians and Cape Verdeans). It aims to test if and how, depending on their different forms of insertion into the labour market and relationship with the social protection system, these groups of immigrants coped with massive unemployment and precarious working conditions in different ways. According to the country of origin, weak/strong networks, secure/insecure position at work or personal circumstances, they could either choose to stay, re-emigrate or return to their origin countries. Empirical analysis is based on focus groups with unemployed immigrants, an online survey, and statistical data analysis. Findings suggest that, in a highly segmented labour market, under a weak and fragmented social protection system, the migrants’ individual decision is induced by the social structure, and not so much by individual agency.
- New Emigration and Portuguese Society: Transnationalism and ReturnPublication . Peixoto, João; Candeias, Pedro; Ferreira, Bárbara; Oliveira, Isabel Tiago; Marques, José Carlos Laranjo; Góis, Pedro; Malheiros, Jorge; Madeira, Paulo Miguel; Schiltz, Aline; Ferro, Alexandra; Santana, EugénioThis chapter addresses the theme of transnationalism and return in recent Portuguese emigration, namely the flows that occurred after the turn of the century. It starts with a brief theoretical overview on those topics, which constitute two relatively neglected characteristics of Portuguese emigration. Next, based on a survey carried out in 2014–2015 to more than 6000 recent emigrants, it reveals some of the links that they maintain with their home country, as well as their plans for the future, which include settlement in the destination country, return and re-emigration. Lastly, it examines data on returning emigrants – especially those that returned between 2001 and 2011 – extracted from the 2011 Census. The evidence reveals a significant number of returns, including individuals at both working and retirement ages and at all skill levels, thus exposing the unexpected complexity of movements. The results are based on the research project “Back to the future: new emigration and links with Portuguese society” (REMIGR), which aimed to ascertain the extent and characteristics of the new emigration wave. The project included an overview of emigration and return to and from all regions of the world, as well as case studies in UK, France, Luxembourg, Angola, Mozambique and Brazil.