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Browsing CARME - Artigos by Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) "10:Reduzir as Desigualdades"
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- O efeito do greenwashing no consumo ético mediado pela confusão verde e pelo ódio à marcaPublication . Santos, Célia; Coelho, Arnaldo; Marques, AlziraO greenwashing verifica-se quando as empresas enganam os consumidores quanto às suas práticas ambientais ou benefícios dos seus produtos/serviços. Esta investigação centra-se nos impactos dessas práticas no consumo ético e analisa como a confusão verde e o ódio à marca atuam como mediadores nessa relação. Baseado em informações recolhidas por meio de questionário aplicado numa amostra de 420 consumidores portugueses, foi realizado estudo confirmatório, quantitativo e transversal (ou de corte único). A análise foi conduzida através de um modelo de equações estruturais com o software SmartPLS. Os resultados sugerem que o greenwashing aumenta a confusão verde entre os consumidores, dificultando a correta interpretação de aspetos ambientais de um produto/serviço. Além disso, o greenwashing gera emoções negativas extremas, como o ódio à marca. Os resultados também demostram que os consumidores, quando percecionam práticas de greenwashing por parte de uma empresa/marca tendem a deixar de comprar os seus produtos/serviços, optando por alternativas mais éticas e responsáveis. Foi estabelecida relação positiva direta e indireta entre greenwashing e consumo ético. Esta investigação avança o estado da arte, que carece de estudos relacionados com as consequências das práticas de greenwashing e elucida as empresas da necessidade de eliminar essas atividades enganadoras e irresponsáveis. Limitações e oportunidades de estudo futuras são abordadas.
- Examining the Role of Perceived Source Credibility on Social Media Influencer’s Ascribed Opinion LeadershipPublication . Crespo, Cátia Fernandes; Tille, MelanieBuilding on the theoretical framework of the source credibility model, this study aims to investigate how the different dimensions of social media influencer’s (SMI) perceived source credibility, respectively expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness impact on influencers’ ascribed opinion leadership, and ultimately affect social media users’ purchase intentions. A cross-cultural analysis focused on the German and Portuguese markets of Instagram users was implemented. Data were collected with an online survey distributed in Germany and Portugal, resulting in a sample of 467 participants, 214 from Germany and 253 from Portugal. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM). Findings confirmed that expertise and attractiveness enhance the influencer’s ascribed opinion leadership. On the contrary, trustworthiness does not influence ascribed opinion leadership. The influencer’s ascribed opinion leadership promotes purchase intention. This study advances influencer marketing literature by deepening our understanding on the influence of online opinion leaders on social media user’s behavioral intentions.
- From Desalination to Governance: A Comparative Study of Water Reuse Strategies in Southern European HospitalityPublication . Santos, EleonoraAs climate change intensified water scarcity in Southern Europe, tourism-dependent regions such as Portugal’s Algarve faced growing pressure to adapt their water management systems. This study investigated how hotel groups in the Algarve have adopted and communicated water reuse technologies—specifically desalination and greywater recycling—under environmental, institutional, and reputational constraints. A comparative qualitative case study was conducted involving three hotel groups—Vila Vita Parc, Pestana Group, and Vila Galé—selected through purposive sampling based on organizational capacity and technology adoption stage. The analysis was supported by a supplementary mini-case from Mallorca, Spain. Publicly accessible documents, including sustainability reports, media coverage, and policy frameworks, were thematically coded using organizational environmental behavior theory and the OECD Principles on Water Governance. The results demonstrated that (1) higher organizational capacity was associated with greater maturity in water reuse implementation; (2) communication transparency increased alongside technological advancement; and (3) early-stage adopters encountered stronger financial, regulatory, and operational barriers. These findings culminated in the development of the Maturity–Communication–Governance (MCG) Framework, which elucidates how internal resources, stakeholder signaling, and institutional alignment influence sustainable infrastructure uptake. This research offered policy recommendations to scale water reuse in tourism through financial incentives, regulatory simplification, and public–private partnerships. The study contributed to the literature on sustainable tourism and decentralized climate adaptation, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals 6.4, 12.6, and 13.
- Nature-Based Solutions for Water Management in Europe: What Works, What Does Not, and What’s Next?Publication . Santos, EleonoraNature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly recognized as strategic alternatives and complements to grey infrastructure for addressing water-related challenges in the context of climate change, urbanization, and biodiversity decline. This article presents a critical, theory-informed review of the state of NbS implementation in European water management, drawing on a structured synthesis of empirical evidence from regional case studies and policy frameworks. The analysis found that while NbS are effective in reducing surface runoff, mitigating floods, and improving water quality under low- to moderate-intensity events, their performance remains uncertain under extreme climate scenarios. Key gaps identified include the lack of long-term monitoring data, limited assessment of NbS under future climate conditions, and weak integration into mainstream planning and financing systems. Existing evaluation frameworks are critiqued for treating NbS as static interventions, overlooking their ecological dynamics and temporal variability. In response, a dynamic, climate-resilient assessment model is proposed—grounded in systems thinking, backcasting, and participatory scenario planning—to evaluate NbS adaptively. Emerging innovations, such as hybrid green–grey infrastructure, adaptive governance models, and novel financing mechanisms, are highlighted as key enablers for scaling NbS. The article contributes to the scientific literature by bridging theoretical and empirical insights, offering region-specific findings and recommendations based on a comparative analysis across diverse European contexts. These findings provide conceptual and methodological tools to better design, evaluate, and scale NbS for transformative, equitable, and climate-resilient water governance.
- A Non-Linear relation between Working Capital Management and Stock LiquidityPublication . Coelho, Tiago; Oliveira, Célia; Lisboa, InêsPurpose – Working capital management (WCM) is related to how the firm manages its credits and inventories to achieve a trade-off between its benefits and costs. It shows the manager and the firm’s efficiency, which impacts its profitability and risk. The higher the firm’s efficiency, the better investors’ perception about the firm which can impact stock liquidity. This study aims to analyze if there is an optimal point between WCM and stock liquidity. Design/Methodology/Approach – For this purpose, a panel of 1,145 firms listed on five Euronext exchanges (Amsterdam, Brussels, Dublin, Lisbon, and Paris), between 2011 and 2019, is analyzed. Stock liquidity is captured using two alternative measures – Amihud (2002) and Fong et al. (2017). Working capital management is measured through the cash conversion cycle (CCC), and its components (days sales outstanding, DSO; days sales inventory, DSI; and days payable outstanding, DPO). Non-linear relations are estimated using fixed effects models. Findings – Results reveal an inverse U-shaped relation between cash conversion cycle, and its specific component days sales inventory, and stock liquidity, suggesting that there is an optimal value of CCC and DSI that maximize stock’s liquidity. Originality/Value – Most studies focus on the impact of WCM on operational profitability or stock’s return. The impact on stock’s illiquidity is less explored, so this study contributes to the debate whether being efficient in managing working capital can influence the transaction of stocks. Two alternative measures of liquidity are used since there is no consensus about which is better. This allows us to have different perspectives of liquidity, and to capture not only the breadth and depth of stocks, but also stock rigidity. Finally, instead of analyzing a single market, this work focuses on five European stock exchanges. The study insights are important for managers, investors, and shareholders, emphasizing the potential improvement in stock liquidity through effective WCM.
- Pareto Models for the Energy Released in EarthquakesPublication . Felgueiras, Miguel; Santos, Rui; Martins, João PauloIn this paper we explore Pareto based distributions to deal with the energy released by the major seisms. This is a relevant problem because great earthquakes can cause heavy losses, both human and material. The standard Pareto distribution, despite being usually well fitted to the data concerning the energy released by seisms, reveals some lack of fit when dealing with the energy released by the great earthquakes. Besides the more traditional Pareto and Log-Pareto, we also consider the Extended Slash Pareto (ESP) and the Location-Scale Pareto Mixture (LSPM) distributions in this work. For the less studied ESP and LSPM distributions, we present the parameters estimators and perform a simulation study in order to evaluate the estimators performance under different scenarios. Thenceforth, the four distributions are applied to two datasets (catalogs) containing information on the seisms magnitude, which has a direct connection to the energy released by the earthquakes (seismic moment). The used catalogs are considered as conveniently accurate and updated, and are being used in recent works. In conclusion, the Pareto distribution still is appropriate to fit this kind of data, but other distributions emerge as better models. The Log-Pareto distributions led to higher fitting p-values than the Pareto distribution, and LSPM also emerges as a strong competitor. LSPM is better fitted to the greatest observations and therefore gives a more accurate prevision for the energy released by the greater earthquakes.
- Proposal of Artifact to Measure Degree of Boldness in Business Social ActorsPublication . Rogeri, Nelson; Meireles, Manuel; Sanches, Cida; Ferreira Jr., Samuel; Marietto, Marcio LuizThis work proposes an artifact oriented by Design Science (DS) methods for measuring the degree of boldness in business social actors, especially entrepreneurs and businesspeople. To construct the artifact, the work of Eysenck and Wilson (1975) was used. The methodological approach used was Design Science, as the present object of study is considered an information artifact and, as such, has functions of data processing, reducing entropy (vision of syntax), forming meaning (vision of representation), and achieving viability (vision of adaptation). To ensure the validity of the study, a sample of users made up of 30 organizational psychologists was used, selected by convenience. The results demonstrated that using the artifact allows to measure entrepreneurs’ degree of boldness, affording them greater assertiveness in choosing and structuring their business. The study has a number of implications for managerial practice since by using the artifact it is possible to measure an entrepreneur’s degree of boldness and allow more assertive choices and structuring of their business, all the while reducing the rate of micro and small businesses that die early. In the academic field, the artifact will enable research on the degree of boldness of businesspeople with diverse other organizational variables.
- The reference method influence on the sensitivity of the Clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassays: A meta analysisPublication . Martins, João Paulo; Felgueiras, Miguel; Santos, RuiThe use of enzyme immunoassays to screen for toxins A and B produced by Clostridium difficile is a common procedure in algorithms designed for its detection. Moreover, the absence of a unique test capable of providing reliable results at low cost motivates a great discussion about which algorithm is the best. Thus, several studies have evaluated the performance of these enzyme immunoassays. However, all fail to provide sufficient explanations for the different behaviours observed in different studies that evaluate the same index test against a common reference method. Our main goal was to find out which factors affect the sensitivity of these assays, since the specificity is very close to 1. In this research, we verified that sensitivity increases with the prevalence rate and with the proportion of reported cases of onset diarrhea. Therefore, its use is advisable for high prevalence rates (e.g. in an epidemic setting). As far as reference methods are concerned, nucleic acid amplification tests can be used as a reference method, with a performance similar to the well-accepted toxigenic culture. The method chosen for toxigenicity screening in a toxigenic culture also seems to affect the evaluation performance of tests and should be better studied in the future.
- Social value appraisal: cutting the Gordian knotPublication . Ciccarino, Irene; Rodrigues, Susana; Silva, JorgePurpose – Social initiatives must disclose their results to access support. However, there is no theoretical consensus about how to do it. It is still necessary to understand the value creation in social initiatives because they may or not have economic goals. However, these goals serve to make the social ones feasible. This study aims to cut this Gordian knot by providing measures aligned to the value theory but developed by the social lens. It offers a non-economic- focused approach to dealing with assessment complexity and with multiple stakeholders’ needs for information. Design/methodology/approach – A consolidation research path is suggested by three composed measures built upon tested and reliable scales. These value measures are discussed through narratives from Portuguese investors and social entrepreneurs in a mixed-methods design. Content analysis and online survey provided data for descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha test. Findings – The analyses supported the value measures. Thus, they allow an effective way to assess and report the social value created. It also highlighted a potential use in preventive and corrective approaches helpful for several organizations that pursue social goals. Research limitations/implications – The measures were tested based on social entrepreneurs’ opinions. Future studies can include beneficiaries’ opinions, allowing comparisons that can help to set more realistic goals and better investment criteria. Originality/value – The relationship between investors and initiatives can improve, boosting their impact on society. The measures can highlight prioritization choices that influence the way value is created. Hence, they serve as a sensemaking from a holistic standpoint.
- Sustainability Report of Portuguese Municipalities: The Three Pillars of Sustainable DevelopmentPublication . Calazans, Nara; Marques, Tânia; Eugénio, Teresa; Gomes, JorgeStudies regarding the economic, social, and environmental impacts of sustainable policies and practices in the public sector are scarce. This is an important gap, as the public sector is oftentimes one of the largest, if not the largest, employer in a region or a country. The current study characterizes the sustainability reporting of the Portuguese municipalities in terms of their most recent sustainability report published online, aiming to better understand the pillars of sustainability. The research is based on secondary data publicly available. Results show that only 28 municipalities (out of 308) published a sustainability report, and that most information are focused on showing a balance between environmental and economic data; the results also show that there is a lack of social information, and that only a few reports show an alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals.