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- What you get is not what you paid for: New evidence from a lab experiment on negative externalities and information asymmetriesPublication . Fernandes, Maria Eduarda; Valente, MarietaIn markets where ethical goods are available, consumers and producers can voluntarily address the negative externality market failure. However, in reality, these goods are often credence goods and the claims are not verifiable by consumers. We design an experiment to explore whether there can be voluntary internalization of negative externalities in markets controlling for different types of information asymmetry, namely credence claims with the potential for false advertisements, the possibility of certifying claims and finally mandatory truthful claims. We observe that there is a limited scope for ethical goods to be traded and negative externalities reduced in all informational setups. However, when false claims can be made, markets will appear very prosocial to the outside observer who will see widespread concerns for externalities and a price premium on allegedly ethical goods relative to conventional ones. In fact, conventional goods are just being falsely advertised as ethical. In addition, the price premium is seldom enough to cover the additional cost of producing a good that minimizes externalities. Even when credence claims are not allowed, the market will only partially internalize negative externalities, leaving thus room for some form of regulatory intervention.
- The situational motivation scale in the exercise context: Construct validity, factor structure, and correlational analysisPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Cid, Luis; Faustino, Tânia; Monteiro, DiogoThe purpose of this study was to: a) translate and adapt the Situational Motivational Scale (SIMS) in a sample of Portuguese exercisers and examine the factor structure of the scale; and b) evaluate discriminant validity and internal consistency of the factors, as a way to determine multidimensionality. Additionally, we sought to determine the correlational validity of the scale by examining exerciser motivation on enjoyment and exercise participation. Participants were 264 Portuguese exercisers (female = 157) aged between 18 and 69 years, with a mean exercise experience of 5.73 years. Exercisers completed a multi-section survey assessing their situational motivation towards exercising. Several model specifications were tested, namely confirmatory and exploratory factor models. The results of this research support all three hypotheses: (i) that the translation and item adaptation were done correctly, and that the measurement model showed acceptable fit to the data; (ii) the discriminant validity of the factors as well as acceptable internal consistency; and (iii) the correlational validity of exercisers’ motivation with enjoyment and exercise frequency