INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES AND HORMONAL LEVELS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NARCISSISM: A META-ANALYSIS

Reis, Ariana Isabel Nogueira dos

http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/10479

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Authors

Reis, Ariana Isabel Nogueira dos

Advisor(s)

Santos, Rui Filipe Vargas de Sousa

Martins, João Paulo Oliveira

Abstract(s)

This meta-analysis explores the influence of parenting styles and hormone levels on the effect of narcissistic traits. The review focuses on the four parenting styles identified by Baumrind – authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful – highlighting how each contributes to either fostering or mitigating narcissistic tendencies. Authoritarian parenting, marked by strict rules and limited emotional warmth, and permissive parenting, characterized by leniency and lack of boundaries, are linked to the development of inflated self-images and entitlement. Meanwhile, neglectful parenting, with its emotional detachment and lack of guidance, often leaves children struggling with controlling their emotions, coping effectively, and facing difficulties in maintaining and nurturing social relationships. Authoritative parenting characterized by developing a close, nurturing relationship with the children drives them confident, responsible, and able to self-regulate. The analysis also explores the role of testosterone and cortisol levels on narcissistic behaviors through traits like dominance, aggression, and stress responses. By integrating both environmental and biological perspectives, this meta-analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of how parenting and hormonal factors together influence the emergence of narcissism.