Unidade de Investigação – CIDESD-IPLeiria. Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano
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- Biomechanical and bioenergetical evaluation of swimmers using fully-tethered swimming: A qualitative reviewPublication . Amado, Nuno M.; Morouço, Pedro, G.; Marques, Mário C.; Fernandes, Ricardo J.; Marinho, Daniel A.It is presented a qualitative review of the specialized literature on fully-tethered swimming, with the scopes of summarizing and highlighting published knowledge, identifying its gaps and limitations, and motivate future research. The major research conclusions can be summarized as follows: (i) tethered swimming is a reliable test to evaluate force exerted in water by swimmers; (ii) higher maximum values of force are obtained in breaststroke and butterfly, while average values are higher in front crawl; (iii) tethered forces present moderate to strong relationships with swimming velocity, and associations between forces diminish as swimming distance increases; (iv) 30 s maximal tethered swimming may be used as an adaptation of Wingate test for swimming; (v) differences in stroke mechanics can occur in tethered swimming but there is no evidence to suggest that they affect swimming performance; (vi) Tethered swimming is a valid methodology to evaluate aerobic energy contribution in swimming and recent investigations concluded that it can also provide information on the anaerobic contribution. Based on and stimulated by current knowledge, further research should focus on the following topics: (i) the usefulness of tethered swimming as a valid tool to evaluate other swimming techniques; (ii) differences in force parameters induced by gender or competitive level; (iii) defining accurate variables for estimation of anaerobic power and/or capacity using tethered swimming; (iv) bilateral asymmetries in exerted forces, and corresponding influence of breathing; (v) relative contribution of arms and legs for whole-body propelling forces
- Body Image Satisfaction, Overweight Dissatisfaction, and Exercise Persistence: A Self-Determination Theory ApproachPublication . Salvador, Rogério; Naranjo, Lucio; Castuera, Ruth-Jiménez; Rebelo-Gonçalves, Ricardo; Monteiro, DiogoGrounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study tested the hypothesis that body image perception delineates distinct motivational pathways, linking the perceived interpersonal style of exercise professionals to basic psychological needs, motivation quality, and long-term exercise persistence intentions. A sample of 821 regular exercisers was divided into two groups based on body image: “Satisfied” (n = 276) and “Dissatisfied due to Overweight” (n = 545). Participants completed validated measures of perceived interpersonal behaviors (supportive/thwarting), basic psychological need satisfaction/frustration, motivational regulation, and exercise persistence intention. A clear divergent pattern emerged, strongly supporting the main hypothesis. The “Satisfied” group reported a positive pathway: perceiving more need-supportive behaviors from instructors was associated with greater satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which in turn correlated with more self-determined motivation and stronger persistence intentions. Conversely, the “Dissatisfied” group reported a negative pathway: perceiving more need-thwarting behaviors was associated with greater need frustration, which correlated with more non-self-determined motivation and weaker persistence intentions. Measurement invariance confirmed these pathways are comparable across groups. The findings highlight that body image perception is a key correlate of distinct motivational experiences in exercise settings. Crucially, they underscore the significant association between the professional’s perceived interpersonal style and these pathways. Fostering need-supportive environments that enhance autonomy, competence, and relatedness is associated with more adaptive motivation and adherence, offering a valuable framework for practitioners aiming to support clients, particularly those with body image concerns.
- Changing behavior towards physical activity and exercisePublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Bastos, Vasco; Teixeira, Diogo Santos; Monteiro, DiogoA inatividade física constitui um desafio de saúde pública que resiste a décadas de intervenções focadas meramente na educação e na decisão racional. Esta obra confronta esse paradigma, propondo uma abordagem integradora e contemporânea sobre a ciência da mudança comportamental aplicada ao exercício. Partindo das limitações dos modelos sociocognitivos clássicos na explicação da "lacuna intenção comportamento", o texto aprofunda as Teorias de Duplo Processamento. A análise centra-se na complexa interação entre sistemas reflexivos e impulsivos, explorando determinantes críticos como a resposta afetiva ao esforço, a formação de hábitos e a tendência evolutiva para a minimização do esforço. Argumenta-se que o comportamento humano não resulta apenas da vontade, mas de mecanismos automáticos e hedónicos frequentemente negligenciados na prática clínica. Através da exposição de modelos inovadores, como a Affective-Reflective Theory e o Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance Model, fundamenta-se a necessidade de transitar de uma prescrição técnica para uma "arquitetura de experiências". A obra defende que a adesão sustentada depende do alinhamento estratégico entre a cognição e a resposta afetiva, reposicionando o prazer como uma variável clínica essencial. Trata-se de um recurso fundamental para a atualização científica de investigadores e profissionais que procuram estratégias baseadas na evidência para promover estilos de vida ativos.
- Crónicas (e agudas) do Desporto - Compilação de textos publicados no Jornal de Leiria entre 2007 e 2010Publication . Matos, RuiEntre 2007 e 2010, a convite da Direção do Jornal de Leiria, foi possível dar à estampa, (mais do que) mensalmente, crónicas desportivas de vária índole. São essas crónicas que, agora, compiladas num só documento, se dão a conhecer ao público interessado nestas temáticas, algumas das quais acompanhadas de pequena nota comentada face à sua maior ou menor atualidade. A aparente intemporalidade ou atualidade da maioria dos textos agora apresentados (52) justifica a sua divulgação. Tendo em conta que alguns textos já atingiram a maioridade, nomeadamente os redigidos em 2007, muitos serão os que, agora interessados no fenómeno desportivo, na altura não lhes terão prestado atenção ou não lhes terão tido acesso. Alguns que irão ler estas crónicas não seriam, quiçá, sequer nascidos quando elas foram escritas!
- Desenvolvimento Motor: um desafio constante!Publication . Matos, RuiNeste livro procura mostrar-se como educadores em geral e pais em particular podem proporcionar condições adequadas, estimulantes e desafiadoras para que as crianças experimentem situações diversificadas, promotoras do seu desenvolvimento motor. É ainda dedicado um capítulo específico à importância dos irmãos para o referido desenvolvimento motor. Por fim, são apresentados exemplos de como os pais podem potenciar a brincadeira motora dos seus filhos e a atitude que poderão/deverão assumir aquando da interação com eles. Espera-se, assim, que esta publicação ajude educadores e pais a perceber que qualquer espaço, momento ou equipamento é potencialmente promotor de atividade motora e de desenvolvimento motor, assim estejam os adultos dispostos a abdicar dos seus receios, medos e preconceitos quanto aos riscos da prática de atividade motora pelos mais novos.
- The effect of practicing sports on the body composition and physical fitness of people with intellectual and developmental disabilitiesPublication . Oliveira Diz, Susana Cristina; Susano Jacinto, Miguel Ângelo; Costa, Aldo Filipe Matos Moreira Carvalho; Matos, Rui; Monteiro, Diogo; Teixeira, José E.; Antunes, RaulIntroduction: People with IDD tend to have a sedentary lifestyle, which affects their health and physical fitness. Methods: The aim of this study was to analyses the effect of a sport-based intervention, with weekly 60-min sessions over 36 weeks, on the body composition and functional physical fitness of people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD). The sample consisted of 36 institutionalized participants with IDD, divided into two groups: experimental group with 23 participants (M = 37.26; SD = 13.84) and control group with 13 individuals (M = 38.31; SD = 14.22). A stadiometer, bioimpedance equipment and the Hand Grip, Sit and Stand, Timed Up and Go and 6 Min Walk tests were used to assess the variables of interest. Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant values in body mass index (p = 0.01; r = 0.301), muscle mass (p < 0.01; r = 0.431), Sit and Stand Test (p = 0.01; r = 0.324) and 6 Min Walk Test (p < 0.01; r = 0.399). Discussion: The results suggest that long-term programs based on the practice of sports can bring benefits to the body composition and functional physical fitness of adults with IDD.
- Effects of dry-land strength training on swimming performance: a brief reviewPublication . Morouço, Pedro; Marinho, Daniel Almeida; Amaro, Nuno; Pérez-Turpin, José Antonio; Marques, Mário CardosoMorouço PG, Marinho DA, Amaro NM, Peréz-Turpin JA, Marques MC. Effects of dry-land strength training on swimming performance: a brief review. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 553-559, 2012. This article provides a brief review over the state of art concerning dry-land training for swimmers. It is important to understand the role of muscular strength for swimming performance and how it might be improved. Firstly, this article analyzes the relationships between strength or power assessment in dry-land and swimming performance. Secondly, the results of studies aiming to evaluate the influence of dry-land strength training to swimming performance improvement are presented. These results allow coaches to realize the benefits that may be obtained by an appropriate strength training program, according to gender and level.
- Exploring how exercise frequency impacts muscle strength and balance in institutionalized older adults: Protocol for a randomized controlled trialPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Pereira, Bernardo; Silva, Elisabete; Monteiro, Diogo; Antunes, RaulThis protocol for a randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the impact of exercise frequency on muscle strength, balance, and fall risk among institutionalized older adults. Recognizing the unique physical and functional limitations of this population, the study will test whether two or three weekly sessions of multicomponent exercise yield differential outcomes. Sixty participants residing in nursing homes will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group performing exercise twice weekly and an experimental group training three times weekly, over a 12-week intervention period. All sessions will follow international guidelines for older adults, incorporating aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility training at light-to-moderate intensity. Primary outcomes include lower- and upper-body strength and dynamic balance; secondary outcomes comprise waist circumference, body mass index, and fall incidence. The program is designed with progressive adaptation and safety in mind, employing the Talk Test to regulate intensity and standardized measures to monitor physiological responses. The rationale stems from the gap in existing literature regarding optimal exercise frequency for institutionalized populations. While two sessions per week have been associated with functional improvements, it remains unclear whether an additional weekly session provides significant incremental benefits. By isolating frequency as the primary variable, the trial addresses the need to define the minimum effective dose of structured exercise for enhancing physical activity, functional capacity, and reducing fall risk. Results are expected to inform tailored physical activity guidelines and implementation strategies in long-term care settings, balancing clinical efficacy with feasibility and safety constraints typical of institutional environments.
- Interactions Between BMI and Age on Fall Risk in Older AdultsPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Monteiro, A. M.; Forte, PedroBackground/Objectives: The aging process is typically marked by a reduction in functional fitness, which heightens the likelihood of falling. Although obesity is established as a determinant of poor mobility, the interplay between excess weight and advanced age is still a topic of research interest. Therefore, this research investigated how age, sex, and Body Mass Index (BMI) interact to influence fall risk among older adults living in the community. Methods: This cross-sectional investigation involved 815 participants (Mage = 70.45 ± 6.10 years), stratified by age (sexagenarians, septuagenarians, octogenarians) and BMI (normal weight, overweight, obesity). Fall risk was assessed using the Timed Up and Go test. A Three-Way ANOVA examined the main and interaction effects. Results: No significant three-way interaction (p = 0.334) or main effect of sex (p = 0.079) was found. However, a significant age x BMI interaction was observed (p = 0.007). In sexagenarians and septuagenarians, obesity was associated with significantly slower fall risk performance compared to normal weight (p < 0.001). Conversely, in octogenarians, this difference was not significant (p = 1.000) with normal-weight individuals. Conclusions: Obesity may be a significant risk factor for falls, especially in adults aged 60 to 79 years. In octogenarians, the protective benefit of normal weight disappears, revealing a “weight paradox” likely driven by sarcopenia. Fall risk assessments and weight management strategies should be tailored to age, focusing on preserving muscle mass in octogenarians.
- Load and psychophysiological responses in high-intensity interval training with fixed and self-selected recoveryPublication . Sant’Ana, Leandro; Macedo Vianna, Jeferson; Rodrigues Scartoni, Fabiana; Tolomeu de Oliveira, Géssyca; Macedo Carvalho, Bruna; De Sena Altomar, Marconi; Teixeira, Diogo; Antunes, R.; Rodrigues, Filipe; Matos, Rui; Novaes, Jefferson da Silva; Machado, Sérgio; Monteiro, DiogoIntroduction and Objective. The study analyzed the training load in high-intensity interval training sessions with different conditions of recovery time between stimuli: fixed (1min.) and self-selected. Methods. Nineteen individuals participated in the study: 13 men and 6 women (19±1.0 years; 64.0±9.2 kg; 169±8.5 cm; 22.0±2 BMI). For the training load analysis, heart rate variability (LnRMSSD), perceived effort (PE), and mood scale BRUMS (MS) were used. LnRMSSD and MS were evaluated before and after the sessions. The PE was evaluated during each session immediately after each stimulus. The protocol was 10 x 30s (95% Vpeak) with active recovery (40% Vpeak) in fixed or self-selected time. ANOVA-RM (2 [interventions] x 2 [time points]) for LnRMSSD and MS and (2 [interventions] x 10 [time points]) for PE was used. Results. Between condition and time*condition, no differences were observed for LnRMSSD (p=.626; p=.879, respectively), PE (p=.191; p=.792, respectively), and MS (tension: p=.673; p=.463; depression: p=.867; p=.359; anger: p=.867; p=.359; vigor: p=.811; p=.778; fatigue: p=.144; p=.998; mental confusion: p=.828; p=.752, respectively). In terms of time, significant differences were observed in LnRMSSD (p<.001) and PE (1≠3-10; 2≠4-10; 3≠5-10; 4≠5-10; 5≠7-10; 6≠7-10; 7≠ 9,10; 8≠10, p<.001). In MS, there was a difference in domains of tension (p<.001), depression (p<.015), anger (p<.033), and mental confusion (p<.001). But not for vigor (p=.339) nor fatigue (p=.419), which are associated with the training load. Conclusions. However, both recovery conditions showed similar acute internal load responses. Additionally, it is suggested that recovery with self-selected time (46.70±1.6.58s) may be a recovery option in HIIT prescription.