Unidade de Investigação – CIDESD-IPLeiria. Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano
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- Application of hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sports: A systematic reviewPublication . Viveiros, Bernardo; Jacinto, Miguel; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Matos, Rui; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Monteiro, DiogoGiven the increase in sedentary lifestyles and physical inactivity, various psychosocial approaches have been used to combat this epidemic. Several studies have used Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a theoretical framework for studying behavioral change, as well as the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (HMIEM) which, based on SDT, aims to explain how different levels of generality can be responsible for behavioral consequences. The aim was to investigate the associations between the variables that make up the HMIEM model applied to the context of physical exercise (gym exercisers). Following the PRISMA protocol and the PECOS strategy, the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were used to search for experimental and non-experimental studies written in English. Seven studies were considered for analysis and subjected to a methodological quality assessment The results showed that the variables that make up the social factors (e.g., supportive/thwarting behaviors) tend to be associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs (BPN) (r = 0.51, p < 0.01; r = −0.73, p < 0.01) and with frustration of BPN (r = −0.39, p < 0.01; r = 0.78, p < 0. 01), BPN satisfaction and frustration tend to be associated with autonomous forms of motivation (r = 0.57, p < 0.01; r = −0.63, p < 0.01) and controlled forms of motivation (r = −0.76, p < 0.01; r = 0.46, p < 0.01) and autonomous and controlled forms of motivation are associated with behavioral consequences (e.g., intention) (r = 0.19, p < 0.01; r = −0.17, p < 0.01). This systematic review covers interpersonal behaviors and the bright and dark sides of SDT, showing that the positive alignment between the psychosocial determinants that make up the horizontal axis of the HMIEM is fundamental for adherence to and maintenance of sustainable physical exercise practices, and future studies should now address these issues in a longitudinal manner and perhaps move on to study the vertical axis of the HMIEM.
- Beyond Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness: A Comprehensive Scale for Basic Psychological Needs and Novelty in ExercisePublication . Bártolo, Vera; Jacinto, Miguel; Amaro, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Matos, Rui; Couto, Nuno; Cid, Luís; Monteiro, DiogoBackground/Objectives: Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to translate and validate the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), including the Novelty dimension, within the Portuguese exercise context. Given the emerging evidence of novelty as a potential candidate for a basic psychological need, this research examined the psychometric properties and temporal stability. Furthermore, this study explored the nomological validity of these constructs regarding exercise enjoyment and satisfaction with life. Methods: The sample comprised 500 gym-goers (263 females; 237 males), aged between 18 and 65 years (M = 33.76; SD = 12.94). Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling were employed to compare the factor structure. Temporal stability was assessed through a test–retest procedure with a four-week interval (n = 50). Results: Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling provided a superior fit to the data (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97; RMSEA = 0.04) compared to Confirmatory factor Analysis, supporting the distinctiveness of the eight dimensions. The instrument demonstrated strong internal consistency (composite reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.90) and adequate discriminant validity. Path analysis revealed that novelty satisfaction was significantly associated with enjoyment and satisfaction with life. In reverse, novelty frustration was negatively associated with these well-being indicators. Intraclass correlation coefficients (0.75 to 0.83) confirmed robust temporal stability. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that the Portuguese version of the BPNSFS, including the novelty dimension, is a psychometrically comprehensive instrument for the exercise context. The results support the inclusion of novelty as a relevant psychological need within Self-Determination Theory.
- Beyond the duality: passion profiles on intention, and satisfaction with life in recreational surfersPublication . Sá, J. M.; Silva, A. J.; Monteiro, Diogo; Garrido, N.; Rodrigues, FilipeSurfing is a demanding physical activity that frequently elicits a strong emotional bond in its practitioners. To address the gap in understanding these bonds from a person-centered approach, the present study pursued three primary objectives: (a) to define and identify passion profiles within a sample of recreational surfers; (b) to compare differences among these profiles concerning intention to continue practicing; and (c) to compare differences among profiles with respect to life satisfaction. The study included 132 surfers (Mage = 38.81 ± 12.19 years; 78.8% male). Through a cluster analysis based on the dualistic model of passion, three distinct profiles were identified: moderate passion (20.5%), Optimized Passion (37.1%), and Mixed Passion (42.4%). Comparative analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis test revealed that Mixed and Optimized Passion profiles reported significantly higher levels of intention to continue the practice (H = 32.38; p < 0.001) and life satisfaction (H = 10.64; p = 0.005) as compared to the Moderate Passion profile. No statistically significant differences were observed between the Mixed and Optimized groups. It is concluded that the predominant motivational configuration designated as Mixed is functional and adaptive in the surfing context, suggesting that the coexistence of harmonious and obsessive passion favors persistence and psychological well-being.
- Biomechanical and bioenergetical evaluation of swimmers using fully-tethered swimming: A qualitative reviewPublication . Amado, Nuno M.; Morouço, Pedro, G.; Marques, Mário C.; Fernandes, Ricardo J.; Marinho, Daniel A.It is presented a qualitative review of the specialized literature on fully-tethered swimming, with the scopes of summarizing and highlighting published knowledge, identifying its gaps and limitations, and motivate future research. The major research conclusions can be summarized as follows: (i) tethered swimming is a reliable test to evaluate force exerted in water by swimmers; (ii) higher maximum values of force are obtained in breaststroke and butterfly, while average values are higher in front crawl; (iii) tethered forces present moderate to strong relationships with swimming velocity, and associations between forces diminish as swimming distance increases; (iv) 30 s maximal tethered swimming may be used as an adaptation of Wingate test for swimming; (v) differences in stroke mechanics can occur in tethered swimming but there is no evidence to suggest that they affect swimming performance; (vi) Tethered swimming is a valid methodology to evaluate aerobic energy contribution in swimming and recent investigations concluded that it can also provide information on the anaerobic contribution. Based on and stimulated by current knowledge, further research should focus on the following topics: (i) the usefulness of tethered swimming as a valid tool to evaluate other swimming techniques; (ii) differences in force parameters induced by gender or competitive level; (iii) defining accurate variables for estimation of anaerobic power and/or capacity using tethered swimming; (iv) bilateral asymmetries in exerted forces, and corresponding influence of breathing; (v) relative contribution of arms and legs for whole-body propelling forces
- Body Image Satisfaction, Overweight Dissatisfaction, and Exercise Persistence: A Self-Determination Theory ApproachPublication . Salvador, Rogério; Naranjo, Lucio; Castuera, Ruth-Jiménez; Rebelo-Gonçalves, Ricardo; Monteiro, DiogoGrounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study tested the hypothesis that body image perception delineates distinct motivational pathways, linking the perceived interpersonal style of exercise professionals to basic psychological needs, motivation quality, and long-term exercise persistence intentions. A sample of 821 regular exercisers was divided into two groups based on body image: “Satisfied” (n = 276) and “Dissatisfied due to Overweight” (n = 545). Participants completed validated measures of perceived interpersonal behaviors (supportive/thwarting), basic psychological need satisfaction/frustration, motivational regulation, and exercise persistence intention. A clear divergent pattern emerged, strongly supporting the main hypothesis. The “Satisfied” group reported a positive pathway: perceiving more need-supportive behaviors from instructors was associated with greater satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which in turn correlated with more self-determined motivation and stronger persistence intentions. Conversely, the “Dissatisfied” group reported a negative pathway: perceiving more need-thwarting behaviors was associated with greater need frustration, which correlated with more non-self-determined motivation and weaker persistence intentions. Measurement invariance confirmed these pathways are comparable across groups. The findings highlight that body image perception is a key correlate of distinct motivational experiences in exercise settings. Crucially, they underscore the significant association between the professional’s perceived interpersonal style and these pathways. Fostering need-supportive environments that enhance autonomy, competence, and relatedness is associated with more adaptive motivation and adherence, offering a valuable framework for practitioners aiming to support clients, particularly those with body image concerns.
- Changes in lifestyle and physical fitness in the first year of higher education: A longitudinal study with sports studentsPublication . Jacinto, Miguel; Antunes, Raul; Aguiar Santos, Diana; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Diz, Susana; Monteiro, Diogo; Matos, Rui; Amaro, NunoThis study aimed to monitor variations in physical activity and fitness levels throughout the first academic year in undergraduate Sports Science students. A prospective longitudinal design included 63 students (46 men, 17 women; 19.7 ± 1.4 years), assessed at four moments (September, January, February, and June). Sociodemographic data were collected, and instruments included IPAQ, anthropometry, body composition, strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness tests. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was applied. Screen time increased significantly over the year. Physical activity levels showed a non-significant decline. Body composition indicators such as fat mass, BMI, and visceral fat increased, while lean and bone mass remained stable. Cardiorespiratory fitness and lower limb flexibility decreased significantly. These findings suggest worsening fitness and increased adiposity over the duration of the first academic year, highlighting the importance of monitoring such indicators to prevent negative health outcomes.
- Changing behavior towards physical activity and exercisePublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Bastos, Vasco; Teixeira, Diogo Santos; Monteiro, DiogoA inatividade física constitui um desafio de saúde pública que resiste a décadas de intervenções focadas meramente na educação e na decisão racional. Esta obra confronta esse paradigma, propondo uma abordagem integradora e contemporânea sobre a ciência da mudança comportamental aplicada ao exercício. Partindo das limitações dos modelos sociocognitivos clássicos na explicação da "lacuna intenção comportamento", o texto aprofunda as Teorias de Duplo Processamento. A análise centra-se na complexa interação entre sistemas reflexivos e impulsivos, explorando determinantes críticos como a resposta afetiva ao esforço, a formação de hábitos e a tendência evolutiva para a minimização do esforço. Argumenta-se que o comportamento humano não resulta apenas da vontade, mas de mecanismos automáticos e hedónicos frequentemente negligenciados na prática clínica. Através da exposição de modelos inovadores, como a Affective-Reflective Theory e o Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance Model, fundamenta-se a necessidade de transitar de uma prescrição técnica para uma "arquitetura de experiências". A obra defende que a adesão sustentada depende do alinhamento estratégico entre a cognição e a resposta afetiva, reposicionando o prazer como uma variável clínica essencial. Trata-se de um recurso fundamental para a atualização científica de investigadores e profissionais que procuram estratégias baseadas na evidência para promover estilos de vida ativos.
- Crónicas (e agudas) do Desporto - Compilação de textos publicados no Jornal de Leiria entre 2007 e 2010Publication . Matos, RuiEntre 2007 e 2010, a convite da Direção do Jornal de Leiria, foi possível dar à estampa, (mais do que) mensalmente, crónicas desportivas de vária índole. São essas crónicas que, agora, compiladas num só documento, se dão a conhecer ao público interessado nestas temáticas, algumas das quais acompanhadas de pequena nota comentada face à sua maior ou menor atualidade. A aparente intemporalidade ou atualidade da maioria dos textos agora apresentados (52) justifica a sua divulgação. Tendo em conta que alguns textos já atingiram a maioridade, nomeadamente os redigidos em 2007, muitos serão os que, agora interessados no fenómeno desportivo, na altura não lhes terão prestado atenção ou não lhes terão tido acesso. Alguns que irão ler estas crónicas não seriam, quiçá, sequer nascidos quando elas foram escritas!
- Desenvolvimento Motor: um desafio constante!Publication . Matos, RuiNeste livro procura mostrar-se como educadores em geral e pais em particular podem proporcionar condições adequadas, estimulantes e desafiadoras para que as crianças experimentem situações diversificadas, promotoras do seu desenvolvimento motor. É ainda dedicado um capítulo específico à importância dos irmãos para o referido desenvolvimento motor. Por fim, são apresentados exemplos de como os pais podem potenciar a brincadeira motora dos seus filhos e a atitude que poderão/deverão assumir aquando da interação com eles. Espera-se, assim, que esta publicação ajude educadores e pais a perceber que qualquer espaço, momento ou equipamento é potencialmente promotor de atividade motora e de desenvolvimento motor, assim estejam os adultos dispostos a abdicar dos seus receios, medos e preconceitos quanto aos riscos da prática de atividade motora pelos mais novos.
- Determinantes de la eficacia del patrocinio en las carreras de atletismoPublication . Silva, Alfredo; Sobreiro, Pedro; Monteiro, DiogoIntroduction: The athletics races take place in the heart of public space and enjoy high levels of visibility. Race organizers benefit from connecting with sponsoring companies that want results in promoting and selling their brands. Objective: The aim of the research was to test a conceptual model to explain the effects of sponsorship on runners. It used running involvement, perceived altruistic sponsor motives, brand recognition and perceived congruence between sponsors and running as the determining constructs. Methodology: This research shifts the focus from spectator-based sponsorship to participant-based sponsorship. A sample of 736 runners from one of Portugal’s most popular athletics races completed a questionnaire. A Structural Equation Modeling analysis was carried out to test the model and the hypotheses. Results: The model explained that 49% of attitudes toward sponsors and 15% of runners' purchase intentions. The strongest effects were the effect of brand recognition on perceived congruence and the effect of perceived altruistic motives on attitudes toward the sponsor brand. However, running involvement had no significant effect on attitude towards the sponsoring company. Discussion: This research demonstrates the role played by perceptions of sponsors' altruistic motivations in shaping favourable responses to sponsoring companies and runners' intention to buy sponsors' products. Conclusions: The effects of sponsorship of athletics races on runners have been demonstrated, particularly the significant role of brand recognition and perceived altruistic motives. This study offers important implications for race organizers and sponsoring companies.
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