Monteiro, Hugo R.Lemos, Marco F. L.Novais, Sara C.Soares, Amadeu M. V. M.Pestana, João L. T.2019-10-112019-10-112019-01Monteiro, H. R., Soares, A. M. V. M., Pestana, J. L. T., Lemos, M. F. L., & Novais, S. C. (2019). Amitraz toxicity to the midge Chironomus riparius: Life-history and biochemical responses. Chemosphere, 221, 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.0180045-6535http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/4189This study had the support of the Fundaç~ ao para a Ciencia e a ^ Tecnologia through MARE: UID/MAR/04292/2013, CESAM: UID/ AMB/50017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007638, FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC), the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020, and project PROTEOME (PTDC/AAG-MAA/1302/2014) co-financed by COMPETE (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016773). The project was also partially funded by the Integrated Programme of SR&TD “SmartBioR” (reference Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000018) cofunded by Centro 2020 program, Portugal 2020, European Union, through the European Regional Development Fund. Hugo R. Monteiro, Sara C. Novais, and Joao L.T. Pestana wish to acknowledge the ~ financial support given by FCT (SFRH/BD/80988/2011, SFRH/BPD/94500/2013, IF/01420/ 2015, respectively). Authors would also like to thank the laboratory support given by Ariana Moutinho and Diana Campos.Acute and chronic toxicity of the formamidine pesticide amitraz to the midge Chironomus riparius was assessed using conventional ecotoxicological tests and biochemical approaches (biomarkers). Amitraz is mainly used as an ectoparasiticide in veterinary medicine, but also in agriculture and apiculture. However, information of amitraz toxicity to non-target invertebrates is limited. Besides the impairment of developmental and emergence rates (reduced larval growth, emergence, and delayed development time) caused by chronic exposure to amitraz, acute exposures induced alterations in the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and in energetic metabolism biomarkers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and electron transport system (ETS) activities. Moreover, lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased by amitraz exposure. Our results reveal potential secondary effects of amitraz to invertebrates and biomarkers that may aid in the interpretation of sub-lethal toxic responses to amitraz. These results add information concerning the potential outcomes of amitraz exposure to freshwater invertebrates underlining the importance of risk assessment studies of formamidine pesticides.engFormamidine pesticidesFreshwater invertebratesBiomarkersOxidative stressLife-history responsesjournal article2019-10-07cv-prod-15973610.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.018