Bartolo, PauloKruth, Jean-PierreSilva, JorgeLevy, GideonMalshe, AjayRajurkar, KamlakarMitsuishi, MamoruCiurana, JoaquimLeu, Ming2025-11-282025-11-282012Paulo Bartolo, Jean-Pierre Kruth, Jorge Silva, Gideon Levy, Ajay Malshe, Kamlakar Rajurkar, Mamoru Mitsuishi, Joaquim Ciurana, Ming Leu, Biomedical production of implants by additive electro-chemical and physical processes, CIRP Annals, Volume 61, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 635-655, ISSN 0007-8506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2012.05.005.0007-8506http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/14781Biomanufacturing integrates life science and engineering fundamentals to produce biocompatible products enhancing the quality of life. The state-of-the-art of this rapidly evolving manufacturing sector is presented and discussed, in particular the additive electrical, chemical and physical processes currently being applied to produce synthetic and biological parts. This fabrication strategy is strongly materialdependent, so the main classes of biomaterials are detailed. It is explained the potential to process composite materials combining synthetic and biological materials, such as cells, proteins and growth factors, as well the interdependences between materials and processes. The techniques commonly used to increase the bioactivity of clinical implants and improve the interface characteristics between biological tissues and implants are also presented.engAdditive manufacturingBiomedicalHealth carejournal article10.1016/j.cirp.2012.05.005