Pei, EujinLoh, Giselle HsiangHarrison, DavidAlmeida, Henrique de AmorimVerona, Mario Domingo MonzónPaz, Rubén2026-01-202026-01-202017-04-03Pei E, Loh GH, Harrison D, Almeida HDA, Monzón Verona MD, Paz R (2017), "A study of 4D printing and functionally graded additive manufacturing". Assembly Automation, Vol. 37 No. 2 pp. 147–153, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/AA-01-2017-0120144-5154http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/15411The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing and 4D printing. We defined that Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing (FGAM) is a single AM process that includes the gradationally mixing of materials to fabricate freeform geometries with variable-properties within one component. This should not be used interchangeably with the term 4D Printing in which refers to the use of smart materials in Additive Manufacturing to produce parts that have the ability to change when exposed to an environmental stimuli. In this paper, we highlight that FGAM requires better computational tools for modelling, simulation and fabrication as current CAD systems are incapable of supporting the complex workflow, suggesting that future work should focus on aspects of material characterization and better control processes.engFunctionally Graded Additive Manufacturing4D PrintingFunctionally Graded Rapid PrototypingVaried Property Rapid Prototypingjournal article10.1108/aa-01-2017-012