Lemos, Marco F.L.2022-08-172022-08-172021Lemos, M.F.L. Biomarker Studies in Stress Biology: From the Gene to Population, from the Organism to the Application. Biology 2021, 10, 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology101213402079-7737http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/7546Funding : This study had the support of Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the Strategic Project UID/MAR/04292/2020 granted to MARE, and projects MARINE INVADERS—The impact and mechanisms of success of the invasive seaweed Asparagopsis armata on coastal environments (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031144), and BLUESHARKER–BLUE Shark as biomonitor of Atlantic waters through an integrated biomarker assessment (PTDC/BIA-CBI/29136/2017). The project was also partially funded by “Global Invaders–Global trends among valued aquatic invertebrate species: competitive advantages across different latitudes” funded by FCT and DAAD–Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst.Endpoints assessed at the population or community level are most often the result of the sum of effects on individuals, arising from the effects at the cellular and molecular levels. Within this framework, these lower biological level endpoints are more responsive at an early stage of exposure, making them potential toolboxes to be used as early-warning markers to address stress. Given this, by linking responses and understanding organisms’ metabolism and physiology, the possibilities for the use of biomarkers in stress biology are vast. Here, biomarker comprehensive examples are given to enlighten the need to link levels of biological organization, and their usefulness for a myriad of fields and applications is presented and discussed.engCost of toleranceEcotoxicologyEnergeticsIntegrated biomarker responseMechanisms of actionNeurotoxicityOxidative stressjournal article10.3390/biology10121340